1. Module 33 Psychological Treatments

2. Evolution of Psychological Treatments
Historical view:
Severe mental illnesses result of possession by demons or evil spirits
Patients subject to inhumane treatment
Establishment of Bethlehem hospital as asylum for mentally ill by mid-16th century
Subjects chained to bed; treatment included bloodletting, beating, and purging in ice baths
Emergence of moral treatment
In 1793, Philippe Pinel personally unchained the inmates at an asylum in Paris demanding humane treatment

3. herapy
Treatment to make people feel better and function more effectively
Mastering13.4

4. Two Kinds of Modern Therapy
Psychotherapy: Involves a person talking to a professional about the person’s problems
Insight: gain personal understanding to behavior
Action: change behavior directly
Two types of therapy:
Biomedical therapy: Uses a medical procedure to bring about changes in behavior
Drugs
Surgical methods
Electric shock treatments
Psychotherapy for the purpose of gaining understanding into one’s motives and actions is called insight therapy, whereas psychotherapy aimed at changing disordered behavior directly is called action therapy.
Most modern treatments use a combination of both, called eclectic treatment

5. Types of Psychotherapy
Today’s Focus:
Psychoanalysis and Psychodynamic Therapy
Humanistic Therapy
Behavioral Therapy
Cognitive Therapy
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Psychotherapy: Involves a person talking to a professional about the person’s problems
Insight: gain personal understanding to behavior
Action: change behavior directly
Types of Psychotherapy
Biomedical therapy: Uses a medical procedure to bring about changes in behavior
Drugs
Surgical methods
Electric shock treatments
Psychotherapy for the purpose of gaining understanding into one’s motives and actions is called insight therapy, whereas psychotherapy aimed at changing disordered behavior directly is called action therapy.

6. Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis: Therapy to reveal unconscious conflicts
Dream interpretation
Manifest content
Latent content
Free association
Resistance
Transference
Sigmund Freud developed a treatment called psychoanalysis that focused on releasing a person’s hidden, repressed urges and concerns from the unconscious mind.   
Freud believed that repressed material often surfaced in dreams, although in symbolic form. The manifest content of the dream was the actual dream and its events, but the latent content was the hidden, symbolic meaning of those events that would, if correctly interpreted, reveal the unconscious conflicts that were creating the nervous disorder.
Free association was a psychoanalytic technique in which a patient was encouraged to talk about anything that came to mind without fear of negative evaluations.
Other components of Freud’s original psychoanalytic method were resistance (the point at which the patient becomes unwilling to talk about certain topics) and transference (when the therapist becomes a symbol of a parental authority figure from the past).
Mastering13.5

7. Psychodynamic Therapy
Criticism: Freud’s of original theory
Lack of scientific research to support claims
Ignoring patient revelations that do not fit the theory
Assumption that problems with sex and sexuality were responsible for nearly every nervous disorder

8. Psychodynamic Therapy
Modern psychodynamic approach:
Shift to a more directive approach: therapist actively gives interpretations of a client’s statements; suggests certain behavior or actions
Faster therapeutic process
Focus on ego rather than id as the behavior motivator

9. Humanistic Therapy

10. Humanistic Therapy
An insight-oriented psychotherapy; conscious thoughts are more important than unconscious
Believes people are basically good with self- actualizing tendencies
Boost people’s self-awareness and self-acceptance and personal growth

11. Humanistic Therapy
Carl Rogers developed client-centered therapy, using acceptance, genuineness and empathy to help clients drop facades and express true feelings.
This grace-filled environment provides unconditional positive regard.
General ideology:
Everyone has a real self and ideal self; the closer the match-up, the happier the person

12. Ideal self: What one should or would like to be
Humanistic Therapy
Real self: One’s perception of actual characteristics, traits, and abilities
Ideal self: What one should or would like to be
REAL
SELF
IDEAL
SELF
REAL
SELF
IDEAL
SELF
According to Rogers, the self-concept includes the real self and the ideal self. The real self is a person’s actual perception of traits and abilities, whereas the ideal self is the perception of what a person would like to be or thinks he or she should be. When the ideal self and the real self are very similar (matching), the person experiences harmony and contentment. When there is a mismatch between the two selves, the person experiences anxiety and may engage in neurotic behavior.
Match = Harmony
Mismatch = Anxiety

13. Humanistic Therapy Rogers’s person-centered therapy: Methodology:
Therapist to provide the unconditional positive regard during treatment
Nondirective therapy: Client talks out problems and concerns; therapist acts as a sounding board
Recognition of discrepancies between the real and ideal selves

14. Humanistic Therapy Evaluation of humanistic therapies:
“Hands-off” form of therapy; the therapist runs a lower risk of misinterpretation
Little experimental research to support therapy’s ideology
Use of case studies to build theories

15. Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior
Behavior therapies: Action therapies focused on behavior not causes
Classical and operant conditioning
Behavior modification or applied behavior analysis:
Change behaviors via learning techniques

16. Behavior Therapies
Classical conditioning techniques

17. Classical conditioning applications
Behavior Therapies
Classical conditioning applications
Bedwetting
Claustrophobia
Counterconditioning: pairing the trigger stimulus with a new response that is incompatible with the fear
“Boggart in the Wardrobe” clip
Exposure Therapy: Buckbeak the Hippogriff

18. Therapies Based on Classical Conditioning
Exposure therapy of Systematic desensitization: For treating phobias
Step 1: Relaxation training
Step 2: Progressive
exposure

19. Professor Gallagher and his controversial technique of simultaneously confronting the fear of heights, snakes, and the dark.

20. Therapies Based on Operant Conditioning
Reinforcement: Strengthening of response by following it with a pleasurable consequence (positive) or the removal of an unpleasant stimulus (negative)
Token economy: Reinforcers earned and exchanged for desired things
Contingency contract: Formal agreement on behavior change, reinforcements, penalties

21. Therapies Based on Operant Conditioning
Extinction: Remove reinforcer, reduce undesirable behavior
Time Out: Removal from situation that reinforces undesirable behavior

22. One-Page Assignment
Directions: With a partner, look over section 33.4 on pages Chose an approach:
Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic
Humanistic
Behavioral
Cognitive therapy
Create a one-page analysis based on your handout