1. Warm up
What do you already know about the Civil Rights Movement in the United States?
Think about when, where, who, what and why in your response.

2. The Civil Rights Movement

3. Segregation Divides America
De Jure segregation:
Separation that is enforced by law
Ex) Jim Crow Laws
De Facto segregation:
Separation by custom or tradition
Ex) Hiring practices

4. Early Stages 1947 – Jackie Robinson breaks color barrier in MLB
1948 – Pres. Truman orders the desegregation of the military
Still no anti-lynching law
Executive Order 9981

5. Brown v. Board of Education
1954-Brown v. Board of Education officially ends segregation in public places
NAACP
Used the court system to challenge unfair laws
NAACP used Thurgood Marshall to lead the legal team
Chief Justice Earl Warren made the decision

6. Resistance to De-Segregation
Little Rock, Arkansas
Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus resisted when…
9 AA students tried to enroll at the all-white Little Rock Central High School
The National Guard was called to escort these students into the school amid massive protests and threats of violence

7. Civil Rights Act of 1957
Passed to crack down on the violation of civil rights
US investigated abuses and protected voting rights
Problem- rarely enforced
Strom Thurmond of South Carolina One-man filibuster lasted 24 hours and 18 minutes

8. New Leadership In the Civil Rights Movement
MLK & the SCLC

9. Montgomery Bus Boycott
1955-Rosa Parks broke de jure segregation laws by not moving to the back of a city bus
Her supporters began a city-wide bus boycott
Highly effective-AAs were major customers of the bus system
he boycott lasted for 385 days,[40] and the situation became so tense that King's house was bombed

10. Martin Luther King Jr.
Called for non-violent protest and an extension of the bus boycott
Boycott would last for over a year under his direction
Montgomery, Alabama was forced to end its bus laws
Why was non-violence so important for the movement?

11. Martin Luther King Jr.
Dr. King would go on to form the SCLC with other leaders
Southern Christian Leadership Conference- devoted to non-violent methods to end discrimination

12. 1. Who was King’s audience
1.Who was King’s audience? What does that imply about King’s intentions in this speech?
2.What does this document suggest are key factors in the success of the boycott?
3.There are multiple references to religion in this speech. How does King? What does this suggest about the role of religion in the boycott?

13. Young Activists Make An Impact

14. Greensboro Sit-Ins
NC A&T students staged a sit-in at a Woolworth’s lunch counter
They were refused service and suffered harsh treatment by white customers
The sit-in movement gained a lot of attention and a lot of traction with other youths
Over 70,000 people took part in the sit-ins. They even spread to northern states such as Ohio and the western state of Nevada. Sit-ins protested about segregated swimming pools, lunch counters, libraries, transport facilities, museums, art galleries, parks and beaches.

15. SNCC
The Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee was formed at Shaw University in Raleigh, NC
Spread to college campuses across the South
They were devoted to non-violent methods as well

16. Riding For Freedom Interstate busing systems were still segregated
To test the willingness of the govt to enforce its own laws, CORE (and others) organized the “freedom rides”
Riders sit in the front of buses, use “whites only” facilities at stops
These freedom rides went from Washington DC to Jackson, MS
Police arrested riders for trespassing, unlawful assembly, and violating state and local Jim Crow laws, along with other alleged offenses, but they often first let white mobs attack them without intervention.

17. Freedom riders were met with resistance the whole way
JFK (in 1960) was forced to take action
Used state police to enforce desegregation and protect the riders
The government was again being forced to recognize civil rights laws
Police arrested riders for trespassing, unlawful assembly, and violating state and local Jim Crow laws, along with other alleged offenses, but they often first let white mobs attack them without intervention.

18. Confrontations Intensify
1962- James Meredith tried to enroll at University of Miss.
Medgar Evers, an AA lawyer, aided Meredith
Meredith was met by intense riots on campus
JFK was again forced to step in
Meredith was admitted and graduated in 1963
Evers was assassinated soon after
2 civilians were killed during the night, including a French journalist, and over 300 people were injured,[1] including one third of the US Marshals deployed

19. Birmingham, Alabama “Most segregated city in the south”
Birmingham police, led by Bull Connor, were brutal as they suppressed protests
Eventually, Birmingham was forced to desegregate
Birmingham “most segregated city in the south”
Used armored vehicles
Used fire hoses
Used police dogs

20. March on Washington
August 28, 1963-the famous “march on Washington DC” took place
This is where MLK delivered his “I have a dream” speech.
This was for jobs and equality for African Americans

21. 1964 The 16th street Baptist Church in Birmingham was bombed
KKK responsible
4 little girls killed
LBJ passed the Civil Rights act of 1964
Ended all segregation, ended any discrimination in the workplace based on race, color, sex, or national origin.

22. The Push For Voting Rights

23. Freedom Summer
Despite laws that guaranteed the right to vote, Southern states were still preventing minorities from voting
SNCC organized the Freedom Summer
1,000 volunteers went to Mississippi to encourage African Americans to register to vote
For example, in Mississippi (1964), not one single African American was registered to vote in five of the counties
The reason? Fear
This was dangerous work, and only helped a little
3 volunteers were found murdered because of the work they were doing

24. Selma The push for voting rights was also found in Selma, Alabama
A non-violent march led to an event called “Bloody Sunday”
Marchers were attacked by police and the events were seen on TV

25. Voting Rights Act of 1965 Voting Rights Act of 1965:
Banned literacy tests and allowed federal govt to oversee the voting process
Responsible for an increase in African American voters in the South
In MS, registered African American voters jumped from 7% in 1964, to 70% by 1986

26. Racial Violence Across America
Watts Riot:
Los Angeles, 1965
Frustrated African Americans clashed with whites
Arson, looting, and other violence created chaos in the city
The National Guard was called in to restore order
Violence spread to several other cities
Newark, NJ
Detroit, MI
Here, 43 people died and damage was done to the amount of $53 million

27. Malcolm X A member of the Nation of Islam
Primarily comprised of African Americans, had very strict rule
Demanded separation of the races
Early on, Malcolm X expressed distrust of all whites
Changed his mind after a pilgrimage to Mecca, offered a more trusting view of whites
Assassinated in 1965 by members of the Nation of Islam that felt betrayed

28. The Black Power Movement
The belief that African Americans should use their economic and political power to gain equality
EX) Boycotts, voting, etc
Whites viewed this as a threat of violence
Caused more distrust and tension among the races

29. The Black Panthers Sometimes had violent confrontations with police
Founded by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton in Oakland, CA
Used armed patrols in black neighborhoods as a means of self-defense from the police
Sometimes had violent confrontations with police
Many dismissed this group as violent and damaging to the Civil Rights Movement

30. MLK’s Final Days
1968-MLK traveled to Memphis to support workers who were on strike
April 4- MLK was shot outside his motel room by James Earl Ray
MLK’s legacy:
Ended de jure segregation
Helped establish protections for African American voting rights
Improved economic situation of the African American community
In his final days, MLK was working on the issue of poverty in the US
MLK’s legacy:
Ended de jure segregation
Helped establish protections for African American voting rights
Improved economic situation of the African American community