1. General Parasitology Introduction
Parasitology Department
General Parasitology Introduction By
Hala Elwakil, MD

2. Teaching and learning methods
1- lectures
2- Practical sessions
Video clip
Prelab presentation
Prelab assessment
Formative exam
Microscopic slides demonstration
Small group discussion
3- POS
Self directed learning

3. Student Assessment 6.2 Time of Assessment: Continuous assessment:
Methods Used:
6.2 Time of Assessment:
Continuous assessment:
Block exams
POS
Activity copy book ( attendance , drawing )
Integrated case studies
Quizzes
Practical exam
4 block exams at the end of each block
10 sessions IN
2nd block; W14,15,16
3rd block; W2,3,4,5
4th block; W10,11,12
In the practical sessions all the year
3 Integrated sessions after first, second and third blocks
3 quizzes
2nd block; W15)
3rd block; W4)
4TH block; W12)
Week 16

4. All over the academic year in the practical sessions
Final year
Written
MCQs
Essay
Problem solving
Practical
OSCE
Final exam
Formative exams
All over the academic year in the practical sessions

5. Learning resources Lecture notes by staff of Parasitology department
Essential Books (Text Books)
Paniker’s Textbook of Medical Parasitology
Markell & Voge’s Textbook of Medical Parasitology
Recommended Books
Medical Parasitology. A Self Instructional Text, 6th edition by Leventhal and Cheadle
Web Sites,
Faculty official website -
the photographed parasitic stages on microscopic slides uploaded on faculty web site

6. Intended Learning Outcomes
By the end of this lecture , the student will be able to:
Differentiate between types of hosts
Differentiate between types of parasites
Classify the parasites of medical importance.
Correlate between epidemiology and control of parasitic diseases

7. Which of the following figures represent parasitism?B C A

9. MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY
Is the science that deals with the parasites, which cause human infections and the diseases they produce.
It is broadly divided into 2 parts
€ Protozoology
€ Helminthology.

10. Parasites are living organisms, which depend on a living host for their nourishment and survival.
They multiply or undergo development in the host.

11. Parasites
Types
Hosts

12. ECTOPARASITES ENDOPARASITES Infestation Infection
Ectoparasite: Ectoparasites inhabit only the body
surface of the host without penetrating the tissue
Endoparasite: A parasite, which lives within the
body of the host and is said to cause an infection
Infection

13. Permanent parasite
Temporary parasite

14. Facultative parasite Obligate parasite
Facultative parasite: Organism which may either live
as parasitic form or as free living form
Obligate parasite: The parasite, which cannot
exist without a host

15. Aberrant parasite Accidental parasite
Accidental parasites: Parasites, which infect an unusual host
Aberrant parasites: Parasites, which infect a host
where they cannot develop further

16. Opportunistic parasites
Parasites capable of producing a disease or flaring up of infection in a person with a poorly functioning immune response or with immune deficiency conditions (immunocompromised)
Toxoplasma gondii
Strongyloides stercoralis

17. High host specificity parasites Low host specificity parasites
Zoonosis
WHO defined zoonosis as “those diseases and infections, which are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and man”.

18. Host Intermediate host Definitive host
The host, in which the adult parasite lives and undergoes sexual reproduction
The host, in which the larval stage of the parasite lives or asexual multiplication takes place
It is an organism, which harbors the parasite and provides nourishment and shelter to latter

19. Vector
It is usually an arthropod that transmits the parasites from one host to another
Mechanical
Biological
No role in parasite development
It is essential for parasite development
Parasites are on vector body parts and are passively brushed off
Parasites are within the vectors and transmission is through a bite

20. Reservoir host Accidental host Paratenic host
It is the animal that harbors an infection that can be transmitted to humans. The animals share the same stages of parasites with the human
Zoonosis :diseases, which are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and man.
Accidental host
The host, in which the parasite is not usually found
Paratenic host
It is a host, in which larval stage of the parasite remains viable without further development

21. EPIDEMIOLOGY & CONTROL

22. FACTORS that influences the disease frequency
Epidemiology of parasitic diseases
FACTORS that influences the disease frequency
PERSON, PLACE &TIME
Study of the distribution and determinants of A parasitic disease among specified populations and the application of that study to the control of health problems
By distribution, we mean who gets the disease, when and where or: Person-Place-time.
By determinants, we mean causes and factors that influence the disease frequency in a population .

23. Epidemiology & principles of control
Source of infection:
patients, carriers, reservoir hosts
Route of infection
Oral transmission
Skin transmission
Vector transmission
Direct transmission
Vertical transmission
Iatrogenic transmission
Susceptible population
Contaminated soil and water
Food
Insect vectors

25. Epidemiology & principles of control(cont.)
Endemic factors
Natural factors
Social factors
Eating habits
hygienic habit…
Sexual transmitted diseases

26. Epidemiology & principles of control(cont.)
Principal of disease control
Control the source of infection
Cut off the route of transmission
Massive protection, esp. for the susceptible population
no successful vaccine

27. Suggest the determinants and control measures of the following diseases

28. Temperature and humidity
Competent vector
Breeding places
Temperature and humidity

30. Learning resources Medical parasitology Part 1
( by: Staff of Parasitology department )
-Paniker’s Textbook of Medical Parasitology:
General introduction, Chapter 1: 1-8.