1. GCSE sociology revision

2. 1. Crime and Deviance Defining crime and deviance
Rules, social order and social control
Explanations for crime
Measuring crime
Age and crime
Gender and crime
Ethnicity and crime
Locality and crime

3. a.Defining crime and deviance
Crime = law breaking
Deviance = not conforming to norms and values
Deviance is socially constructed = depends on time (in
history), Place, culture, who doing it etc

4. b. Rules, social order and social control
Conformity = fitting in/obedience
= social order/predictable
Sanctions
Positive = rewards
Negative = punishment
Social control
Formal = written rules/laws = agencies carry this out (police, courts, teachers etc) = punishment
Informal = unwritten = social pressure (ridicule/ignore/ gossip)

5. c.Explanations for criminal behaviour
4. Subculture
gang
Peer pressure
Frustration
Source of identity
Belonging
Rebellion
5. Marxist
Capitalism = greed
Media advertising
Jealousy/frustration
6.Labelling
Stereotyping
Self concept
Selective policing
Biased courts
Media amplification
1.Family background
Socialisation
Role models
Lack of discipline
Neighbourhood
2.Opportunity Structure
Career path
3. Deprivation
Poverty
Jealousy/frustration

6. d. Measuring crime Official crime figures = annual/Home Office
Help police target resources/spot trends/advise public
Problems of non-detection/non-reporting/non-recording
NON-REPORTING = trivial/no trust/fear of reprisal/private matter
Victim Surveys = people list crimes against them
Overcome problem of non-reporting
Reveal DARK FIGURE OF CRIME = lots more than official figures
Self-Report Studies = people list crimes they have done
Show that m/c and females commit more crime
Challenges stereotype
Problems – exaggeration/under-reporting

7. e. Age and crime Why are youth seen as a problem?
Young people commit most crime
Youth crime = juvenile delinquency/delinquents
Factors causing youth crime
Peer pressure
Frustration
Seek excitement
Poor discipline
Labelled by society and treated unfairly
Why are youth seen as a problem?
Media portrayal = folk devil
Media moral panic (hoodies)
Seen as disrespectful, trouble ASBO, acohol/drugs, knife crime
Strategies
ASBOS
Dispersal orders
Tagging
Fining parents

8. f. Gender and crime More males in prison
Reasons why less girls involved in crime:
Gender role socialisation
Parental expectations (& control of girls)
Less opportunities for girls
Macho image/peer pressure = boys
Stereotyping and labelling = girls let off (chivalry)
Why more girls getting involved in crime?
Less chivalry
Changing roles = more opportunities
More women in poverty (with less male support)

9. h. Crime and ethnicity More Afro-Caribbean men in prison
Why are so many in prison?
Unemployment and poverty = frustration
Racism in society = unemployment
Poor socialisation and values (Cultural = attitudes/lifestyle)
Police racism/biased courts = stereotyping and more arrests

10. i. Crime by locality Less crime in rural areas because: Less poverty
Less overcrowding
More neighbourly/sense of community
People keep an eye on each other (informal social control)
Strangers/outsiders stand out
Better neighbourhood watch groups