1. GİVİNG ADVİCE
(SHOULD / SHOULDN’T)

2. Should is a modal verb
After SHOULD you use the BASE FORM OF THE INFINITIVE (= verb without To e.g. Go instead of To Go) SHOULD + VERB (BASE FORM OF INFINITIVE) e.g. You should go now (DO NOT SAY: You should to go now.)

3. Should + Verb (base form of infinitive)
With modals verbs, there is only one form of it for every subject pronoun:
I should
You should
He should
She should
It should
We should
They should
There is never an -S at the end of should:
He shoulds study. (NOT CORRECT)
He should study. (CORRECT)
After Should we have the base form of the infinitive (= verb without ‘To’ e.g. Go instead of To Go)
Should + Verb (base form of infinitive)
You should go now. (Correct)
You should to go now. (NOT Correct)
He should wait. (Correct)
He should waits. (NOT correct)

4. Example sentences with Should:
I should eat more vegetables.
You should take an umbrella.
He should go to the doctor.
She should apply for the job.
It should be fine.
We should study more.
They should wait until tomorrow.
NOTE: One other thing, we do not pronounce the L in the word SHOULD.

5. 1. To give advice, a recommendation or a suggestion
This is to say that it is the right thing to do or the correct thing.
You should see the new Star Wars movie. It’s great!
He should go to the dentist if his tooth still hurts.
The test is next week. We should study for it now.
You should try that new restaurant on Main Street.

6. 2. To express that a situation is likely in the present or in the future. This is a type of expectation or prediction.
Mary should be at home now. Give her a call.
He should have the letter now. I sent it last week.
Our team should win the game on Saturday. (Because we have been training all month so it is our expectation, or prediction that we will win)
It should be sunny tomorrow.

7. 3. Expresses an obligation that is not as strong as Must.
Sometimes Should is used instead of Must to make rules, orders or instructions sound more polite.
This may appear more frequently on formal notices or on information sheets.
Applications should be sent before the 30th.
He should drive more carefully.
Everyone should wear a seatbelt in a car.
You should pay more attention in class.
All of the above example sentences can have must instead of should making the obligation stronger and less polite.
For example: Applications must be sent before the 30th.

8. 4. Something was expected in the past but it didn’t happen (should + have + past participle)
This expresses the idea that the subject did not fulfill their obligation in the past or did not act responsibly.
Anna is late. She should have arrived by now.
I should have called Fred this morning but I forgot.
You should have given your boss the report yesterday when he asked for it.

9. 5. Not fulfilling an obligation (should + be + verb-ing)
This expresses the idea that someone is not fulfilling their obligation or is not acting sensibly right now.
You should be wearing your seatbelt. (The person isn’t wearing one right now)
We should be studying for the exam. (We are not studying right now and we should be studying)

10. 6. Sometimes should is replaced by ought to without a change in meaning. Note that ought to sounds more formal and is used less frequently.
You ought to go home now. (= You should go home now)
She ought to take her dog for more walks. (= She should take her dog…)
They ought to stop doing that. (= They should stop doing that)

11. USES OF SHOULD Your hair is to long.You should get a haircut.
ADVİCE OR SUGGESTİONS
SİTUATİONS LİKELY İN THE PRESENT
LİKELY İN THE FUTURE (PREDİCTİON)
Your hair is to long.You should get a haircut.
Mary should be at home now.Give her a call.
They should win tonight,they’re better team.

12. SHOULD + HAVE + PAST PARTİCİPLE
SHOULD + BE + Verb –ing
Meaning: The subject did not fullfill their obligation in the past or did not act responsibly.
You should have given your boss the report yesterday when he asked for it.
Meaning: The subject did not fullfilling their obligation now or is not acting sensibly.
You should be wearing your seatbelt.
We should be studying for the test right now.

13. Should can be replaced by Ought to without a change in meaning.
SHOULD VS. OUGHT TO
Should can be replaced by Ought to without a change in meaning.
You ought to study more = You should study more.
NOTE: OUGHT TO sounds more formal SHOULD and is used less frequently.
We use SHOULDN’T to advice not to do something,usually because it is bad or wrong.
You shouldn’t throw your litter onto the Street.
He shouldn’t play with those wires if he doesn’t know what he is doing.
You shouldn’t work to much.

14. 1. To give advice, a recommendation or a suggestion
This is to say that it is the right thing to do or the correct thing.
Does your tooth still hurt? You should make an appointment with the dentist.
I think you should study for the test so that you don't fail.
Your hair is too long. You should get a haircut.
You really should go to the new restaurant on Main Street.

15. 2. Expresses that a situation is likely in the present
Mary should be at home by now. Give her a call.
He should have the letter by now. I sent it a couple of weeks ago.

16. 3. Expresses that a situation is likely in the future (prediction)
They should win the game because they are a much better team.
I posted the cheque yesterday so it should arrive this week.
It should be fine tomorrow.

17. 4. Expresses an obligation that is not as strong as Must.
Sometimes Should is used instead of Must to make rules, orders or instructions sound more polite. This may appear more frequently on formal notices or on information sheets.
On hearing the fire alarm, hotel guests should leave their room immediately.
Passengers should check in at least 2 hours before departure time.
You should never lie to your doctor.
You should pay more attention in class.
You should be at work before 9.
All of the above example sentences can have must instead of should making the obligation stronger and less polite.

18. 5. Was expected in the past but didn't happen (should + have + past participle)
This expresses the idea that the subject did not fulfill their obligation in the past or did not act responsibly.
You should have given your boss the report yesterday when he asked for it.
I should have studied more but I was too tired.

19. 6. Not fulfilling an obligation (should + be + verb-ing)
This expresses the idea that the subject is not fulfilling their obligation or is not acting sensibly.
You should be wearing your seatbelt. (The person isn't wearing one right now)
We should be studying for the test. (We are not studying right now and we should)

20. 7. Sometimes should is replaced by ought to without a change in meaning.
You ought to study more. (= You should study more)
He ought to go home. (= He should go home)
They ought to stop doing that. (= They should stop doing that)
NOTE: That OUGHT TO sounds more formal and is used less frequently.

21. Shouldn't
We use shouldn't to advise not to do something, usually because it is bad or wrong to do.
You shouldn't throw your litter onto the street.
We shouldn't leave without saying goodbye.
He shouldn't play with those wires if he doesn't know what he is doing.
Are you tired? You shouldn't work so much.
You shouldn't talk like that to your grandmother.

22. The negative of should is shouldn’t or should not.
We almost always use the contraction shouldn’t in spoken English.
We use shouldn’t to advise not to do something, usually because it is bad or the wrong thing to do.
You shouldn’t eat that dessert if you are sick.
This is my recommendation not to do something, not to eat that dessert.
She shouldn’t buy that dress, it’s too big for her.
You look tired. You shouldn’t work so much.
He shouldn’t talk to his boss like that.
Notice how all of these sentences are about a recommendation or advice NOT to do something.

23. Think + should WE DO NOT USE: I THINK + SHOULDN’T.
WE USE: I DON’T THINK + SHOULD.
I think you shouldn’t go there. (NOT correct)
This is NOT correct because we don’t have the negative shouldn’t after I think.
Instead we make the verb THINK negative and say:
I don’t think you should go there. (Correct)
A couple more examples:
I don’t think he should eat that.
I don’t think we should start yet.

24. Should in Questions
We use should in questions when we want advice, a recommendation, or a suggestion.
Let’s look at this affirmative sentence:
I should go now.
How can we change this to a question?
We change the order of the modal verb should with the subject.
So the question becomes:
Should I go now?
A couple more examples…
Should I wear the green shirt? (I am asking for your advice or recommendation)
We can also have the W words like What, When, Why, etc. before the modal verb.
What should we do now? (What do you suggest?)