1. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Atom or sequence of atoms altering the electron density of a saturated hydrocarbon chain

2. Why put functional groups on saturated hydrocarbons (S.H.’s)?
S.H.’s are non-polar Electroneg of C(2.5) and H is(2.1) is low and similar
S.H.’s are generally chemically inert (bonds are strong, high Ea)
As such their chemistry is very limited.

3. Functionalization of hydrocarbons…
1) Cracking – thermal and cat (cat = less extreme conditions,….)
2) halogenationation (free radical substitution)

4. CRACKING

5. CRACKING

7. How else to show radical substitution
How else to show radical substitution? Mechanistically – using ‘curly arrows’

8. Other reactions can also take place.

9. Loads of possibilities in Radical substation.
WHY ?

10. Alkyl halides

11. Planar attack from either side

13. "___________ attack
“ back side" 1o o

15. ? = MOST REACTIVE
It’s BOND STRENGTH (the weakest bond) THAT DETERMINES REACTIVITY, NOT POLARITY !!!

17. AgX(s) from hydrolysis of R-X

19. Not sure? Verifiy by adding NH3. Dil first then conc.

20. ALCOHOLS

21. Reduction Oxidation LiAlH4 (in dry ether) add water at end.
NaBH4 (ethanol)

25. Fehlings reagent. Alkaline Cu(tartrate) ions  Cu2O
RED
ppt = ??
Cu2O copper(I) oxide

26. 2,4-DNP test. Tests for ANY carbonyl.

28. Tollens silver mirror test.
Test for = ? Aldehydes
Reagent = ? [Ag(NH3)2]+
Silver diamine complex