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The Integumentary System Chapter 6
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Membranes All derived from epithelial or connective tissue
Epithelial membranes Line exposed cavities Line organs Secrete serous fluid lubricate
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Mucous Membranes Line cavities and tubes exposed to outside
Secrete mucus Line respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive tracts
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Serous Membranes Line joint cavities and covers organs
Secrete serous fluid (synovial fluid in joint cavities)
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Cutaneous Membranes Covers body surfaces exposed to external environment Dry membrane Skin
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Protects from water loss, foreign invasion Maintains body temp.
Integumentary System Function Protects from water loss, foreign invasion Maintains body temp. Excretes water, salt, nitrogenous wastes
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Sensory organ Produces vitamin D Limited absorption regenerative
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Structure – 2 major layers; Epidermis & Dermis
Epidermis – 5 layers named for their appearance; produce melanin and carotene to give skin color Stratum corneum – top layer; as cells die they become keratinized (“cornified”); scalelike with no nucleus
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Stratum lucidum – several rows of clear flat cells; found only on skin of palms and soles
Stratum granulosum – 3 – 5 layers of flattened cells; transition layer
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Stratum spinosum – 8-10 layers of polyhedral cells
Stratum basale (germinativum) – single layer of cuboidal or columnar cells that are constantly dividing; accelerated by friction or pressure
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Dermis – below epidermis; thicker
Has many upward projections (dermal papillae) Binds epidermis to underlying tissue Composed of collagen and elastic fibers in a gooey matrix
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Provides strength and elasticity
Vascular; bed sores are a problem here. Innervated (sensory and motor – for arrector pili muscles) Divided into regions Papillary – upper Reticular lower
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Reticular layer contains accessory organs:
Hair follicles Sebaceous glands Arrector pili muscles Sudoriferous glands
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Blood vessels Nerves Attaches dermis to bone & muscle by way of subcutanous layer (adipose tissue)
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Hair Formed by epidermal cells at base of follicle; growth due to division of cells in base of follicle = root As cells die; they keratinize
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Glands A) Merocrine – fluid B) Apocrine – pts of cells & fluid
C) Holocrine – whole cell rlsd & disintegrates
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Sebaceous glands Sebum – produced in cytoplasm of cell and is discharged when cell dies (holocrine gland) Secreted into hair follicles; helps keep hair and skin soft and pliable.
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Sudoriferous glands Armpits/hair; triggered by stress (apocrine glands) Forehead, neck, back; triggered by temp. (merocrine glands)
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Nails Produced by epithelial cells at root Nail bed Lanula – highly mitotic Keratinization – harder than other keratin
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Skin Pathology Burns – evaluated by degree; each degree is deeper into the skin Danger of burns is infection and dehydration Rule of nines – body is broken into 9 sections; % of burned area is determined by how many of these parts are affected.
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1o burn Erythema of the skin Top layers of epidermis affected
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2o burn Erythema and blistering Epidermis and dermis affected
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3o burn – most serious Charred, or white appearance Epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissue burned Skin grafts needed Critical Pain is minimal after burn until nerves begin to regenerate Hair usually does not grow back
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Skin Colorations Albinism Vitiligo Freckles Mongolian spots Cyanosis
Jaundice Hemangioma Erythema nevi
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Skin Eruptions (contact dermatitis)
Urticaria - hives Insect bites blisters
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Lesions Viral – cold sores, “pox”, genital warts Bacterial – chankers, Impetigo, boils, carbuncles Fungal – moniliasis, Tinea pedis, ringworm Ulcerative - bedsores
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Growths Warts - viral Corns – pressure on skin of feet Callus – pressure on skin
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Sebacceous Glands Whiteheads Acne Seborrhea Blackheads Psoriasis eczema
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Seborrhea Eczema Psoriasis
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Alopecia – nongenetic hair loss
Wrinkles – loss of collagen and elastic fibers Scarring – growth of connective tissue above epithelial tissue; genetically determined
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Stretch marks – growth of connective tissue due to rapid stretching of skin; genetically determined
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