1. Origins of Eukaryotic Diversity – Protists Diversity

2. For Lecture & Lab, make sure to know the supergroup and the most specific clade or group and characteristics.
Euglenas
Kinetoplastids
Water Molds (Oomycota)
Pro

3. Characteristics Nucleus (Eukaryotic) Membrane-bound organelles
Ribosomes (80s)
Unicellular, Colonial, and Multicellular types
Four Supergroups:
Excavata
SAR (Stramenopiles, Alveolata, Rhizaria)
Archaeplastida (includes land plants)
Unikonta (includes animals and fungi)

4. Supergroup: Excavata Clade: Diplomonads
ex. Giardia
“excavated” groove on one side of the body
(lack plastids, lack DNA in mitochondria,
two _______ nuclei, flagella, simple cytoskeleton)
haploid
Plastids – many…differentiate become chloroplasts and others

5. Supergroup: Excavata Clade: Parabaslids
ex. Trichimonas
(Causes Trichomoniasis)
“excavated” groove on one side of the body
(lack plastids, lack DNA in mitochondria, _____________________)
STD
Undulating Membrane

6. Supergroup: Excavata Clade: Euglenozoa
“excavated” groove on one side of the body
Move by flagella with spiral or crystalline rod
2 Groups:
Euglenids
Kinetoplastids

7. Supergroup: Excavata Clade: Euglenozoa Group: Euglenids
ex. Euglena
(anterior pocket with flagella)

8. Supergroup: Excavata Clade: Euglenozoa Group: Kinetoplastids
(single large mitochondria with kinetoplast - organized mass of DNA)
Trypanosoma
African Sleeping Sickness and Chagas Disease

9. Supergroup: SAR Clade: Alveolata
Supergroup Char: DNA
Clade characteristics: Contain Alveoli (membrane-bounded sacs) beneath their cell surface
3 Groups:
Dinoflagellates
Apicomplexans
Ciliates

10. Supergroup: SAR Clade: Alveolata
(2 flagella located within a groove, xanthophyll)
Dinoflagellates

11. Supergroup: SAR Clade: Alveolata
group: Apicomplexans
ex. __________
(parasitic, apical structure)
Plasmodium
Malaria

13. Supergroup: SAR Clade: Alveolata Group: Ciliates (have Cilia used for movement)

14. Supergroup: SAR Clade: _____________
Stramenopiles
Supergroup Char: DNA
Clade characteristics: Have hair-like projections on flagella
Four Groups:
Diatoms (Bacillariophyta)
Golden Algae (Chrysophyta)
Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)
Water Mold (Oomycetes)

15. Supergroup: SAR Clade: Stramenopiles Groups: Diatoms
Overlapping _________ test
pigments: carotene, xanthophyll,
-Diatomaceous earth,
-Filters
-Fertilizing the oceans
Silica

16. Supergroup: SAR Clade: Stramenopiles Groups: Golden Algae (Chrysophyta)
cell wall: ________
pigments: carotene,
xanthophyll
Silica

17. Supergroup: SAR Clade: Stramenopiles Groups: Brown Algae
cell wall: cellulose, algin
Alternation of generations

18. Supergroup: SAR Clade: Stramenopiles Groups: Water Molds (Oomycota)
pigments:none
cell wall: cellulose, coenocytic (aseptate) hyphae
Irish Potato Famine, French Wine Crisis (1800’s)

19. SAR (Rhizaria) Thin pseudopodia Used for movement and feeding Groups:
Cercozoans
Foraminiferans
Radiolarians

20. Supergroup: SAR Group: Cercozoans
Plastids surrounded by four membranes (secondary endosymbiosis).
2 from cyanobacterium
3rd from alga’s plasma membrane
4th from heterotrophic food vacuole.

21. Supergroup: SAR (Rhizaria) Group: Foraminiferans (Forams)
porous shells – made of ____________
Calcium Carbonate
Pyramids = limestone

22. Supergroup: SAR (Rhizaria) Group: Radiolarians
Actinopods (fused plates – silica with
axopodia)

23. Supergroup: Archaeplastida
Ancient protists that engulfed a cyanobacterium
Three Groups:
Red Algae (Rodophyta)
Green Algae (Chlorophyta)
Land Plants

24. Supergroup: Archaeplastida Group: Rhodophyta (Red)
Red Algae
Phycoerythrin
Nori – sushi wrap…

25. Supergroup: Archaeplastida Group: Chlorophyta (& Charophytes)
Green Algae
Have Chloroplasts similar to plants

26. Supergroup: Unikonta Very Diverse Group
Molecular Systematics links groups (but highly debatable)
Two Clades:
Amoebozoans
Opisthokonts

27. Many With Lobe or tube shaped _____________
Supergroup: Unikonta Clade: Amoebozoans Group:Slime Molds Group:Gymnamoebas Group:Entamoebas
Many With Lobe or tube shaped _____________
Pseudopodia

28. Supergroup: Unikonta. Clade: Amoebozoans. Group:Slime Molds
Supergroup: Unikonta Clade: Amoebozoans Group:Slime Molds Group:Gymnamoebas Group:Entamoebas
Produce fruiting body that aids in spore dispersal
Plasmoidial – NOT ________________
From a plasmodium (feeding stage) single mass of cytoplasm with many nuclei
diploid
Multicellular

29. Supergroup: Unikonta. Clade: Amoebozoans. Group:Slime Molds
Supergroup: Unikonta Clade: Amoebozoans Group:Slime Molds Group:Gymnamoebas Group:Entamoebas
Produce fruiting body that aids in spore dispersal
___________
(feed like individual amoebas)
aggregate to breed or during stress
Haploid Organisms
Cellular

30. Supergroup: Unikonta. Clade: Amoebozoans. Group:Slime Molds
Supergroup: Unikonta Clade: Amoebozoans Group:Slime Molds Group:Gymnamoebas Group:Entamoebas
Most are Free-living Amoebas

31. Supergroup: Unikonta. Clade: Amoebozoans. Group:Slime Molds
Supergroup: Unikonta Clade: Amoebozoans Group:Slime Molds Group:Gymnamoebas Group:Entamoebas
Most are parastic amoebas
Entamoeba histolytica 3rd eukaryotic after Malaria and Schistosomiasis

32. Supergroup: Unikonta. Clade: Opisthokonts. Group:Nucleariids
Supergroup: Unikonta Clade: Opisthokonts Group:Nucleariids Group:Choanoflagellates
Very Diverse Group:
Nucleariids = most closely related to Fungi
Choanoflagellates = most closely related to animals

33. Supergroup: Unikonta Clade: Opisthokonts Group:Nucleariids
Amoebas that feed on algae and bacteria

34. Supergroup: Unikonta Clade: Opisthokonts Group:Choanoflagellates
Similar in morphology and DNA to animals

35. Domain: Archaea Group: Methanogens Group: Halophiles
methane releasing
Group: Halophiles
lives in high salt areas
Group: Thermophiles
lives in extreme temperatures

36. Viruses

37. b

38. Virus Structure

39. Virus Structure
Capsid – Protein coat covering virus; present in all viruses. Capsids are made from protein subunits called capsomeres.
__________ – Layer of fat surrounding capsid; present in some viruses but not all.

40. Viral Replication Only reproduce when they enter a host cell
They lack ribosomes and enzymes necessary for protein synthesis and simple metabolism

41. Viral Genome Structure
dsDNA
ssDNA
dsRNA
ssRNA
Serve as mRNA
Serve as template for mRNA
Serve as template for DNA (retro)
Bullet shaped envelope

42. HIV (a retrovirus)
Viruses that causes AIDS
Peters Duesberg

43. ______ ss RNA that can serve as mRNA
Can cause paralysis in motor neurons
Transmitted through fecal contaminated food/water
Worse in intermediately clean cities
Salk vaccine, 1954

44. Hepatitis Inflammation of the liver
At least 5 different types of the virus
Hep A – ss RNA, no envelope; fecal-oral
Hep C – ss RNA with envelope; sexually transmitted/ blood

45. __________ Bullet Shaped Envelope (ss RNA) Long incubation period
Almost always fatal if unvaccinated.
Zoonosis
Host Range

46. Flu Influenza, commonly known as the flu
Symptoms include fever, sore throat, myalgia, coughing, weakness
Many Epidemic/
Pandemic
Episodes ( ) million died; Spanish Flu
11/17/2018

47. Prions Infectious Protein Particles Examples: Mad Cow Disease
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Kuru (Fore tribe of Papua New Guinea)
Fatal Familial Insomnia (you don’t have it!)