1. Sunlight bending through ice crystals in cirriform clouds produces bands of color called sundogs, or parhelia, on both sides of the sun on this cold winter day in Minnesota.
Photo © 2002 STAR TRIBUNE/Minneapolis-St. Paul.
Fig. 15-CO, p. 414

2. Figure 15.1: Cloud droplets scatter all wavelengths of visible white light about equally. The different colors represent different wavelengths of visible light.
Fig. 15-1, p. 417

3. Sunlight Cloud droplet Editable Text Fig. 15-1, p. 417
Figure 15.1: Cloud droplets scatter all wavelengths of visible white light about equally. The different colors represent different wavelengths of visible light.
Cloud droplet
Editable Text
Fig. 15-1, p. 417

4. Figure 15.2: Since tiny cloud droplets scatter visible light in all directions, light from many billions of droplets turns a cloud white.
Fig. 15-2, p. 417

5. Some light penetrates to cloud base
White light is scattered in all directions
Figure 15.2: Since tiny cloud droplets scatter visible light in all directions, light from many billions of droplets turns a cloud white.
Some light
penetrates to
cloud base
White light is scattered in all directions
Editable Text
Fig. 15-2, p. 417

6. Figure 15.3: Average percent of radiation reflected, absorbed, and transmitted by clouds of various thickness.
Fig. 15-3, p. 417

7. Figure 15.4: The sky appears blue because billions of air molecules selectively scatter the shorter wavelengths of visible light more effectively than the longer ones. This causes us to see blue light coming from all directions.
Fig. 15-4, p. 418

8. Figure 15. 5: Blue skies and white clouds
Figure 15.5: Blue skies and white clouds. The selective scattering of blue light by air molecules produces the blue sky, while the scattering of all wavelengths of visible light by liquid cloud droplets produces the white clouds.
Fig. 15-5, p. 418

9. Figure 15. 6: The Blue Ridge Mountains in Virginia
Figure 15.6: The Blue Ridge Mountains in Virginia. The blue haze is caused by the scattering of blue light by extremely small particles—smaller than the wavelengths of visible light. Notice that the scattered blue light causes the most distant mountains to become almost indistinguishable from the sky.
Fig. 15-6, p. 419

10. Figure 15.7: The scattering of sunlight by dust and haze produces these white bands of crepuscular rays.
Fig. 15-7, p. 419

11. Figure 15.8: Because of the selective scattering of radiant energy by a thick section of atmosphere, the sun at sunrise and sunset appears either yellow, orange, or red. The more particles in the atmosphere, the more scattering of sunlight, and the redder the sun appears.
Fig. 15-8, p. 420

12. Observer Sunset or sunrise Editable Text Fig. 15-8, p. 420
Figure 15.8: Because of the selective scattering of radiant energy by a thick section of atmosphere, the sun at sunrise and sunset appears either yellow, orange, or red. The more particles in the atmosphere, the more scattering of sunlight, and the redder the sun appears.
Sunset or sunrise
Editable Text
Fig. 15-8, p. 420

13. Figure 15. 9: Red sunset near the coast of Iceland
Figure 15.9: Red sunset near the coast of Iceland. The reflection of sunlight off the slightly rough water is producing a glitter path.
Fig. 15-9, p. 420

14. Figure 15.10: Bright red sky over California produced by the sulfur-rich particles from the volcano Mt. Pinatubo during September, The photo was taken about an hour after sunset.
Fig , p. 421

15. Figure 15.11: The behavior of light as it enters and leaves a more-dense substance, such as water.
Fig , p. 421

16. Normal Normal Mirror Editable Text Fig. 15-11, p. 421
Figure 15.11: The behavior of light as it enters and leaves a more-dense substance, such as water.
Mirror
Editable Text
Fig , p. 421

17. Figure 15.12: Due to the bending of starlight by the atmosphere, stars not directly overhead appear to be higher than they really are.
Fig , p. 422

18. Star appears to be here Star Actual position of star Editable Text
Figure 15.12: Due to the bending of starlight by the atmosphere, stars not directly overhead appear to be higher than they really are.
Editable Text
Fig , p. 422

19. Figure 15.13: The bending of sunlight by the atmosphere causes the sun to rise about two minutes earlier, and set about two minutes later, than it would otherwise.
Fig , p. 422

20. Figure 15.13: The bending of sunlight by the atmosphere causes the sun to rise about two minutes earlier, and set about two minutes later, than it would otherwise.
Stepped Art
Fig , p. 422

21. Figure 15.14: The very light green on the upper rim of the sun is the green flash. Also, observe how the atmosphere makes the sun appear to flatten on the horizon into an elliptical shape.
Fig , p. 423

22. Figure 15.15: The road in the photo appears wet because blue skylight is bending up into the camera as the light passes through air of different densities.
Fig , p. 424

23. Figure 15.16: Inferior mirage over hot desert sand.
Fig , p. 424

24. Figure 15.16: Inferior mirage over hot desert sand.
Stepped Art
Fig , p. 424

25. Figure 15. 17: The formation of a superior mirage
Figure 15.17: The formation of a superior mirage. When cold air lies close to the surface with warm air aloft, light from distant mountains is refracted toward the normal as it enters the cold air. This causes an observer on the ground to see mountains higher and closer than they really are.
Fig , p. 425

26. Figure 15. 17: The formation of a superior mirage
Figure 15.17: The formation of a superior mirage. When cold air lies close to the surface with warm air aloft, light from distant mountains is refracted toward the normal as it enters the cold air. This causes an observer on the ground to see mountains higher and closer than they really are.
Stepped Art
Fig , p. 425

27. Figure 15.18: A 22° halo around the sun, produced by the refraction of sunlight through ice crystals.
Fig , p. 425

28. Figure 1: The Fata Morgana mirage over water
Figure 1: The Fata Morgana mirage over water. The mirage is the result of refraction—light from small islands and ships is bent in such a way as to make them appear to rise vertically above the water.
Figure 1, p. 426

29. Figure 15.19: The formation of a 22° and a 46° halo with column-type ice crystals.
Fig , p. 426

30. 46° 46° Halo Line of sunlight 22° Halo 46° 22° 22° Editable Text
Figure 15.19: The formation of a 22° and a 46° halo with column-type ice crystals.
22°
22°
Editable Text
Fig , p. 426

31. Figure 15.20: Halo with an upper tangent arc.
Fig , p. 427

32. Figure 15.21: Refraction and dispersion of light through a glass prism.
Fig , p. 427

33. Figure 15.22: Platelike ice crystals falling with their flat surfaces parallel to the earth produce sundogs.
Fig , p. 427

34. Apparent position of sundog Apparent position of sundog
22°
22°
22°
Figure 15.22: Platelike ice crystals falling with their flat surfaces parallel to the earth produce sundogs.
22°
Editable Text
Fig , p. 427

35. Figure 15.23: The bright areas on each side of the sun are sundogs.
Fig , p. 428

36. Figure 15.24: A brilliant red sun pillar extending upward above the sun, produced by the reflection of sunlight off ice crystals.
Fig , p. 428

37. Figure 15.25: Optical phenomena that form when cirriform ice crystal clouds are present.
Fig , p. 429

38. Figure 15.25: Optical phenomena that form when cirriform ice crystal clouds are present.
Stepped Art
Fig , p. 429

39. Figure 15.26: When you observe a rainbow, the sun is always to your back. In middle latitudes, a rainbow in the evening indicates that clearing weather is ahead.
Fig , p. 429

40. Figure 15.27: Sunlight internally reflected and dispersed by a raindrop. (a) The light ray is internally reflected only when it strikes the backside of the drop at an angle greater than the critical angle for water. (b) Refraction of the light as it enters the drop causes the point of reflection (on the back of the drop) to be different for each color. Hence, the colors are separated from each other when the light emerges from the raindrop.
Fig , p. 430

41. Sunlight 40° 42° (a) (b) Editable Text Fig. 15-27, p. 430
Figure 15.27: Sunlight internally reflected and dispersed by a raindrop. (a) The light ray is internally reflected only when it strikes the backside of the drop at an angle greater than the critical angle for water. (b) Refraction of the light as it enters the drop causes the point of reflection (on the back of the drop) to be different for each color. Hence, the colors are separated from each other when the light emerges from the raindrop.
(a)
(b)
Editable Text
Fig , p. 430

42. Figure 15. 28: The formation of a primary rainbow
Figure 15.28: The formation of a primary rainbow. The observer sees red light from the upper drop and violet light from the lower drop.
Fig , p. 430

43. Raindrops Sunlight Red Violet Observer 40° 42° Editable Text
Figure 15.28: The formation of a primary rainbow. The observer sees red light from the upper drop and violet light from the lower drop.
40°
42°
Editable Text
Fig , p. 430

44. Figure 15.29: A primary and a secondary rainbow.
Fig , p. 431

45. Figure 15.30: Two internal reflections are responsible for the weaker, secondary rainbow. Notice that the eye sees violet light from the upper drop and red light from the lower drop.
Fig , p. 431

46. Falling raindrops Sunlight Violet Red Observer Editable Text
Figure 15.30: Two internal reflections are responsible for the weaker, secondary rainbow. Notice that the eye sees violet light from the upper drop and red light from the lower drop.
Observer
Editable Text
Fig , p. 431

47. Figure 15.31: The corona around the moon results from the diffraction of light by tiny liquid cloud droplets of uniform size.
Fig , p. 431

48. Figure 2: The series of rings surrounding the shadow of the aircraft is called the glory.
Figure 2, p. 432

49. Figure 3: Light that produces the glory follows this path in a water droplet.
Figure 3, p. 432

50. Sunlight Refracted ray Refracted light Refracted ray Editable Text
Figure 3: Light that produces the glory follows this path in a water droplet.
Refracted ray
Editable Text
Figure 3, p. 432

51. Figure 4: The Heiligenschein is the ring of light around the shadow of the observer’s head.
Figure 4, p. 432

52. Figure 15. 32: Corona around the sun, photographed in Colorado
Figure 15.32: Corona around the sun, photographed in Colorado. This type of corona, called Bishop’s ring, is the result of diffraction of sunlight by tiny volcanic particles emitted from the volcano El Chichón in 1982.
Fig , p. 433

53. Figure 15.33: Cloud iridescence.
Fig , p. 433

54. Figure 15.13: The bending of sunlight by the atmosphere causes the sun to rise about two minutes earlier, and set about two minutes later, than it would otherwise.
Stepped Art