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The Renaissance
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General Characteristics
Rebirth of Greco-Roman ideals Architecture & Art Continues literary revival of Greek & Roman classics Individualism Strong Christian/religious overtone Greater secularism New scientific values Age of Recovery Elite movement
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Transition Period Decentralized feudalism to political centralization
Agricultural economy to commercial economy Church dominated to secular control of thought & culture
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Italian Renaissance Begins in Italy– spreads northward
Italy– not unified– divided into city-states Despots in Milan & Venice Florence De Medicis Cosimo de Medici Lorenzo the Magnificent Merchant class but still despots Patrons of the arts
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Humanism Studied original Latin & Greek texts Liberal arts program
Dignity of humankind– virtuous action– virtu Humanities– what makes us human
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Francesco Petrarch Father of Humanism Letters to the Ancient Dead
Love sonnets Attacked scholasticism– secular & Christian values do not always coexist peacefully Wrote in Italian-- vernacular
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Giovanni Boccaccio Decameron Tales about the plague in Florence
Social commentary on sexual & economic misconduct
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Plague
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Lorenzo Valla Exposed errors in Latin Vulgate
Exposed the Donation of Constantine Original texts Anachronistic language Exposed errors in Latin Vulgate
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Education Studied Greek & Roman classics Revival of physical activity
Rhetoric & grammar Value of learning Focus on Plato Well-rounded– focus on liberal arts Embraced humanism agenda
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Renaissance Literature
Baldassare Castiglione Book of the Courtier Well-rounded man; Renaissance man Christine de Pisan Lyric poetry The City of the Ladies Niccolo Machiavelli The Prince Strong ruler to unite Italy Handbook for keeping power
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Renaissance Art Rise of secularism although religion was still important Focuses on the individual & emotions No longer about the afterlife Perspective Chiaroscuro Idealistic but natural
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Italian Politics Not united-- loyal to city-state
Savonarola rules Florence Protects from French invasion by Charles VIII Executed in 1498 for antipapal policies and ridiculous morality Pope Julius II Pushed out the French Granted Concordat of Bologna in 1516
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Italy-- Economics Dominated commerce until 15th century Banking
Medici family Slave labor Merchants– middle class
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Italian Society Marriage: Arranged Move up or down in society Children
Wet nurses Large families 50% mortality rate before age 20
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The Northern Renaissance
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Characteristics Created favorable climate for Reformation
Influenced by Italian Renaissance Religion played a more influential role Wrote for lay audiences & the educated Writers– more diverse backgrounds
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Christian Humanism AKA Northern Humanism
Original texts but emphasized religious texts & religious questions Focused on sources of early Christianity, the Scriptures, & writings of Augustine Emphasized a simple religion that had been distorted by the Church’s theologians Use Christian sources to progress & improve– to reform the Church & its laity. Emphasis on education to reform humankind
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Erasmus Most famous Christian humanist
Colloquies– dialogues to satirize religious behavior Adages– published proverbs Reform individuals by studying the classics & the Bible– power of education Greek edition of New Testament Praise of Folly– also a satire Handbook of a Christian Knight– Christianity should guide people– not the Church Placed on Index of Prohibited Books
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Sir Thomas More Utopia (1516)– idealistic life based on Christian principles New social system– cooperation replaces power & fame No private property– communal ownership Religiously devoted to the Church Clash w/ Henry VIII-- executed
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Printing Press 1450s, Johann Gutenberg invented printing w/ movable type Printing– profitable new trade & profession Tool for propaganda Challenges to political authority Mass production of indulgences Literacy increases
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Compare & contrast the two types of humanism & the two Renaissances
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The New Monarchies
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Characteristics Uniform law & order Legitimate source of authority
Army Taxation Makes & enforces law Desire for absolute control– no division of power w/ church
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England Tudor dynasty– Henry VII Prohibited livery & maintenance
Wars of the Roses Lancasters vs. York Lancasters win Prohibited livery & maintenance Star Chamber– royal court Limited by Parliament
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France Louis XI– Valois line Power over taxation Power over clergy
Pragmatic Sanction– Church controlled its affairs Concordat of Bologna– Pope has annates King appoints bishops & clergy
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Spain Ferdinand & Isabella
Reconquista– built a national feeling based on Christianity Expulsion of Jews & Moors Spanish Inquisition Conquest of Granada
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Holy Roman Empire Princely states, priestly states, & free cities
Emperor elected– actually weakened his power Habsburg family dominated emperorship Gained control over large tracts of Europe Universal monarchy Other nations feared absorption into this empire
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