1. Latin America and the Industrial Revolution
Outside of Europe and English North America, only Japan underwent significant industrialization in the 19th century
In other places, only modest industrial experiments and organization took place
Societies were not transformed as in Europe
However, impact of European and North American industrialization was still felt

2. Post Independence Latin America
Independence wars took a long time to finish and were very destructive in many ways
Spanish America was divided into 18 separate countries
International and internal war disrupted and hindered development of even the most simple in many of these countries
Examples: Mexico lost half its territory to the US in the War of the Northern Aggression or The Mexican War. Paraguay lost over ½ its territory to Argentina and Brazil between 1865 and 1870.

3. Post Independence Latin America
Political life in this region was highly unstable
Conservatives tried to maintain society and culture as it had been for the most part under the Spanish
Liberals attacked the church, sought some reforms in society, and preferred a looser government structure in theory than conservatives
Often, military strongmen, called caudillos, gained power through civil wars or anarchic conditions
Many countries changed constitutions as often as they changed governments. Little practical self government was achieved

4. Changes in Latin America
Little changed fundamentally for most people in these societies
Slavery was abolished but in some areas not until the end of the 19th century
Most legal distinctions between racial categories were abolished. But this did not change fundamental social relations
Creoles (European descent) remained in control of most political and economic resources
Social mobility was confined to a developing bureaucratic middle class and officers in the military

5. Changes in Latin America
The vast majority of people had little say politically or economically in the direction of the nation
Many were extremely poor and lived in conditions resembling slavery
The poor were actively exploited for their labor without regard for their rights in any sense
However, rebellion against these repressive regimes was uncommon and rarely successful when it occurred

6. Integration into the world economy
As the 19th century progressed, Latin America became a source of raw materials for industrialized nations
This led to integration of Latin American economies within the system controlled by the industrialized powers.
Some greater stability economically and politically came with this integration: it was in the interests of industrialized nations and the elites in Latin America

7. A New Economic Reality
Latin American countries rapidly became sources of raw materials for the industrialized world
Exported food products and natural resources
Imported manufactured goods, weapons, luxury goods. Produced very little manufacture for export
Major area of investment for Europe and the US

8. 19th century impacts of industrial revolution in Latin America
Rapid population increase despite unsettled political conditions
Rapid urbanization
Sought European immigration actively: particularly successful in Argentina, Chile, Brazil, and Uruguay
A few people benefited from the economic export boom:
Upper class landowners did very well from this
Some middle class development occurred
However, more than 90% of the population was still lower class

9. Impacts
Workers in industry (meat packing in Argentina, small manufacture in Mexico) made up a small part of the lower class. Little political or economic power
Any attempts at forming unions or striking led to severe measure against the workers
Most of the poor were rural and lived much as they had for hundreds of years

10. The Mexican Exception
In some Latin American nations change did come slowly and laboriously but generally peacefully. Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay moved towards more open government and a more distributive economic system
Mexico under the rule of Porfirio Diaz, did not.
In 1910, a revolution against the corrupt and repressive government of Mexico began. For almost 15 years, civil war engulfed Mexico
As a result, Mexico transformed into a modern state, industrialization began, and some movement toward a more open and just society was undertaken

11. Results
Despite the large increase in exports and the inclusion of Latin America in the world wide trade network the changes that took place in Europe and North America did not occur in Latin America
There were few internal markets for manufactured goods due to the poverty of most people and the lack of transportation facilities
Rich landowners has little incentive to invest in manufacturing as they were making lots of money from exporting raw goods
Governments supported free trade, so cheaper and higher quality foreign goods were available, than the goods that could be made in Latin America. Economic growth became dependent on growth in North America and Europe rather than on internal factors