1. Urbanization During the Gilded Age

2. Essential Question:
What were the problems caused by rapid urbanization and how did the other half live?
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3. In 1860 no American city could boast a million inhabitants.
CITIES
In 1860 no American city could boast a million inhabitants.
1890, New York, Chicago and Philadelphia had spurted past the million mark.
Cities

4. Characteristics of Urbanization During Gilded Age
Uncontrolled growth.
Magnet for economic & social opportunities.
Pronounced class distinctions by neighborhood Squalid living conditions for many.
Political machines.
Ethnic neighborhoods.
Mass Transit.
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5. Urban Growth:

6. Louis Sullivan The Chicago School of Architecture
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Louis Sullivan
The Chicago School of Architecture
Built 1st skyscrapers
1856 – 1924
Form follows function!

7. Louis Sullivan: Bayard Bldg., NYC, 1897

9. John A. Roebling: The Brooklyn Bridge, 1883
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10. Urban Problems: 1. Housing
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Urban Problems: 1. Housing
Housing shortages led to…
a)Row house – apartment type homes
b)Tenement – Multifamily urban houses often overcrowded & unsanitary
Sanitation was a problem
2. High Crime Rates

11. “Dumbbell Tenement “

12. Tenement Slum Living

13. Struggling Immigrant Families

14. Urban Problems: 3. Sanitation
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Unsafe drinking water> cholera.
People threw garbage out their windows.
Horse manure piled up on the streets
Sewage flowed in streets.
By 1900, many cities built sewers & created sanitation departments.

15. 4. Fire Problems: limited supply of water. Buildings made of wood
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limited supply of water.
Buildings made of wood
candles and kerosene lamps used for lighting.
Volunteer fire departments.

16. Chicago became the main railroad junction in the U.S.
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Chicago became the main railroad junction in the U.S.
Immigrants move to Chicago because of the job opportunities
Cattle industry
=stockyards
Meatpacking
Steel mills
Multi-cultural community

17. The Great Chicago Fire: 1871
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The Great Chicago Fire: 1871
Fire burned for 24hrs.
An estimated people died
100,000 were left homeless
More than 3 square miles of the city center was destroyed.
Property loss was estimated at $200 million.
17,500 buildings were destroyed.

18. URBAN LIVING CONDITIONS

19. Jacob Riis: How the Other Half Lives
Street Arabs