1. The Worlds of the North and South
Ms. Quealy
Gr. 8 Social Studies

3. Geography of the North
Northern states experience very distinct seasons – winter, spring, summer, fall
The farther north the longer the winters and the shorter the summers

5. Geography of the North
Most of the North was bordered by the Appalachian Mountains
Most of New England was rocky, mountainous, forested, and full of rivers
Picture: Crawford Notch, White Mountains, New Hampshire

7. Geography of the North
Coastal New England was rocky with many harbors that were good for shipping and used the many forests for timber and building
Pennsylvania, New Jersey and New York had wide rivers and fertile plains good for shipping and farming
Picture: Long Sands Beach, Wells, Maine

9. Geography of the North
Past the Appalachian Mountains, the Northwest had the Great Lakes, some of the most fertile plains in the United States, and the northern reaches of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers

11. Geography of the South
Most Southern States had short, mild winters and long, hot summers
There was plenty of rainfall and long growing seasons
Also, the mountains were much lower and further away from the coast

13. Geography of the South
Most of the South from Virginia to the Gulf of Mexico had, wide coastal plains that allowed for farming
Many swamps, and tidal lowlands provided areas for growing rice and sugar cane
Picture: The Carolina Coastal Plain, Willmington, North Carolina

15. Geography of the South Many areas of the South had wide, flat rivers
Most of the land was flat and allowed people to continue farming further inland
Farms grew tobacco, cotton, indigo
The rivers were used like large highways to transport goods
Picture: The James River Basin, Virginia

17. Geography of the South
There were also abundant natural resources in the South including lumber from forests and crabs, oysters and fish from the Chesapeake Bay

19. Society in the North
In the 1840s and 1850s about 4 millions immigrants arrived in the North
Immigrants from Ireland escaping the potato famine took jobs in factories
Immigrants from Germany were usually skilled workers and had enough money to move to the Northwest and buy farmland and work in new towns

21. Society in the North
Despite the growth of industry, seven out of ten Northerners still lived on farms
Children were expected to work on farms, and could go to school only when they were not needed on farms

23. Society in the North
Northerners were beginning to move into the cities that surrounded mill towns and railroad lines (urbanization)
Unfortunately, cities were often dirty, lacked sewers, could be overcrowded and disease spread quickly

25. Society in the North
African Americans in the North were free, but they did not have equal rights
Most African Americans could not vote, own property, serve on juries, or attend white schools or churches
As a result, most African Americans worked as servants or laborers to make a living

27. Society in the North
Mill towns sprung up anywhere there were large concentrations of factories
Lowell, Massachusetts was the first real, planned factory town; it included boarding houses for workers, stores for workers to shop in, town offices, newspaper printers, and the mills themselves

29. Society in the North
As the number of factories in the North increased, the quality of life for workers decreased
Soon workers were forming unions to secure better working conditions, shorter work hours and better pay

31. Society in the North
What does this graph indicate about slavery in the Northern States?

33. Society in the South
Society in the South had a definite structure that was determined by wealth and race
The upper class of society was made up of rich, white, plantation owners; middle classes were made up of poorer white farmers and laborers; “free blacks” had very little status; the lowest rank of people in Southern society were slaves

35. Society in the South
Most of the political power in the South was held by rich, white, plantation owners
Most plantations were modeled on Europeans estates and had grand gardens, and large mansions
Plantations owners valued a leisurely way of life that included parties and social visits

37. Society in the South
Most white Southerners owned some land, but only a small percentage owned slaves
These Southerners worked their own farms with their families, and perhaps one slave
Some poor, white farmers owned no land and rented what was often the worst land and barely made enough to survive

39. Society in the South
The majority of African Americans in the South were slaves
They had no rights, no property, and usually no say in who they married, where they worked, or whether or not their families would stay together

41. Society in the South
There were several major cities in the South including Charleston, South Carolina and New Orleans, Louisiana
These port cities were home to merchants, laborers, and the small free black population
Most southern cities did a great deal of business in shipping raw materials to factories in the North

43. Society in the South
What does the graph indicate about the slave populations of the Southern States?

45. Economy – Railroads
What does the image indicate about the amount of railroads in the North? In the South?

47. Economy – Industrial Production
What does this image indicate about industrial production in the United States before 1860?
Where are the most productive and wealthiest areas of the United States?

49. Economy – Agricultural Production
Based on this image, what are the chief agricultural products of the North? Of the South?

51. Economy of the North Shipping:
Clipper Ships were some of the fastest ships on the ocean, and enable Northern traders to reach all parts of the world

53. Economy of the North Water Transportation:
The first steam boat was built in 1807
Soon, these boats enabled people and goods to travel up-river
By the 1820s, steamboats were located on most major rivers and the Great Lakes

55. Economy of the North Railroads:
The first railroad cars were pulled by horses
In 1829, the steam-powered locomotive was invented, and it soon began to pull railroad cars at much faster speeds than ever before

57. Economy of the North Railroads:
Although at first quite dangerous, builders overcame most safety hazards and were laying thousands of miles of track by the mid-1800s
Railroads became the North’s biggest industry with Chicago and New York becoming the biggest railroad hubs in the US

59. Economy of the North Factories:
Factories originally harnessed water power to run their machines
Mills, and mill towns, sprung up in the North surrounding major waterways
New England became famous for its textile industry

61. Economy of the North Factories: Soon, steam power replaced water power
Factories could now be built anywhere, and the machines within the factories could also run on steam
New machines enable goods to be produced even faster
Railroads brought cheap goods to all corners of the country; some small farmers could not compete and left their farms to work in factories

63. Economy of the North Canals:
Steamboats made water transportation easier, but rivers were not everywhere
Canals were man-made waterways that usually connected ares that could not easily be reached, or bypassed waterfalls or other natural obstacles
The Erie Canal connected the Great Lakes to the Hudson River enabling western farmers to very quickly ship their goods to the east

65. Economy of the South “King Cotton”
The Industrial Revolution in the North increased the demand for Southern Cotton
Southern planters could not keep up with demand until Eli Whitney’s cotton gin enabled the cotton cleaning process to go much faster
In 1792, cotton planters produced about 6,000 bales of cotton, by 1850, cotton planters were growing over 2 million bales of cotton per year

67. Economy of the South “King Cotton”
Cotton plantations spread all over the South
This increased the demand for slaves to work on cotton plantations
The area of the South that grew cotton became known as the “Cotton Kingdom”

69. Economy of the South The Slave Trade:
King Cotton caused a vicious cycle in the South
Cotton needed to be picked by hand
As the demand for cotton increased, the demand for slaves to pick cotton increased
Plantation owners would use their cotton profits to purchase more slaves to pick more cotton

71. Economy of the South Agriculture:
Cotton was king, but not the South’s only crop
Rice grew along the coasts of South Carolina and Georgia; Sugar Cane was an important crop for Louisiana and Texas – both crops were plantation crops like cotton and only rich Southerners with land and slaves planted these crops
Tobacco was still planted in Virginia, Kentucky, and North Carolina, but farms were much smaller than they had been during colonial times

73. Economy of the South Shipping:
Steam ships were the major way in which crops were brought to market in the South
Steamboats were found on most of the major waterways of the South bringing raw materials to the major port cities in the South
New Orleans, with its prime location at the mouth of the Mississippi River was the largest city in the South

75. Economy of the South Water Transportation:
Because water transportation was the way in which most people and goods travelled in the South, most towns formed along the rivers
There were very few roads or canals to connect other areas of the South, and most Southerners disapproved of funding other means of transportation (especially since they felt it would help the North more)

77. Economy of the South Railroads:
Railroads were not as prevalent in the South as the North
Most lines that did exist helped bring Southern goods to Northern markets
The Tredegar Iron Works in Virginia was the South’s only iron factory, and most Southern rails came from that factory