1. Warm-up: Genetic Disorder Matching
February 23,2015
Aim: Biotechnology Part I
Warm-up: Genetic Disorder Matching
HW: Textbook pgs Q’s 1-4

2. We have been manipulating DNA for generations!
Selective breeding
creating new breeds of animals & new crop plants to improve our food

3. Animal breeding

4. Evolution of modern corn (right) from ancestral teosinte (left).
Breeding food plants
Evolution of modern corn (right) from ancestral teosinte (left).

5. The code is universal Since all living organisms… use the same DNA
use the same code book
read their genes the same way
Strong evidence for a single origin in evolutionary theory.

6. human genome 3.2 billion bases
TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGGATGCCGCGACTATGATCACATAGACATGCTGTCAGCTCTAGTAGACTAGCTGACTCGACTAGCATGATCGATCAGCTACATGCTAGCACACYCGTACATCGATCCTGACATCGACCTGCTCGTACATGCTACTAGCTACTGACTCATGATCCAGATCACTGAAACCCTAGATCGGGTACCTATTACAGTACGATCATCCGATCAGATCATGCTAGTACATCGATCGATACTGCTACTGATCTAGCTCAATCAAACTCTTTTTGCATCATGATACTAGACTAGCTGACTGATCATGACTCTGATCCCGTAGATCGGGTACCTATTACAGTACGATCATCCGATCAGATCATGCTAGTACATCGATCGATACTGCTACTGATCTAGCTCAATCAAACTCTTTTTGCATCATGATACTAGACTAGCTGACTGATCATGACTCTGATCCCGTAGATCGGGTACCTATTACAGTACGATCATCCGATCAGATCATGCTAGTACATCGATCGATACT
human genome 3.2 billion bases

7. Can we mix genes from one creature to another?
YES!

8. Mixing genes for medicine…
Allowing organisms to produce new proteins
bacteria producing human insulin
bacteria producing human growth hormone

9. How do we do mix genes? Genetic engineering find gene
cut DNA in both organisms
paste gene from one creature into other creature’s DNA
insert new chromosome into organism
organism copies new gene as if it were its own
organism reads gene as if it were its own
organism produces NEW protein: Remember: we all use the same genetic code!

10. Cutting DNA DNA “scissors” GTAACGAATTCACGC CATTGCTTAAGTGCG
enzymes that cut DNA
restriction enzymes
used by bacteria to cut up DNA of attacking viruses
cut DNA at specific sites
enzymes look for specific base sequences
GTAACGAATTCACGC
CATTGCTTAAGTGCG

11. Restriction enzymes Cut DNA at specific sites GTAACG AATTCACGC
leave “sticky ends”
restriction enzyme cut site
GTAACG AATTCACGC
CATTGCTTAA GTGCG
restriction enzyme cut site
GTAACG AATTCACGCTT
CATTGCTTAA GTGCGAA

12. Sticky ends GTAACG AATTCACGCTT CATTGCTTAA GTGCGAA GGACCTG AATTCCGGATA
Cut other DNA with same enzymes
leave “sticky ends” on both
can glue DNA together at “sticky ends”
GTAACG AATTCACGCTT
CATTGCTTAA GTGCGAA
gene you want
GGACCTG AATTCCGGATA
CCTGGACTTAA GGCCTAT
chromosome want to add gene to
GGACCTG AATTCACGCTT
CCTGGACTTAA GTGCGAA
combined DNA

13. Why mix genes together?
Gene produces protein in different organism or different individual
human insulin gene in bacteria
TAACGAATTCTACGAATGGTTACATCGCCGAATTCTACGATC CATTGCTTAAGATGCTTACCAATGTAGCGGCTTAAGATGCTAGC aa
“new” protein from organism
ex: human insulin from bacteria
bacteria
human insulin

15. Polymerase Chain Reaction
PCR allows scientists to make a copy of a DNA strand.
The PCR takes the DNA and actually replicates it on the gel.
It gives you multiple copies of the DNA strand.

17. Bacterial DNA Single circular DNA Other DNA = plasmids!
only one copy = haploid
no nucleus
Other DNA = plasmids!
bacteria chromosome
plasmids

18. How can plasmids help us?
A way to get genes into bacteria easily
insert new gene into plasmid
insert plasmid into bacteria = vector
bacteria now expresses new gene
bacteria make new protein
transformed bacteria
gene from other organism
recombinant plasmid
vector
plasmid
cut DNA +
glue DNA

19. Grow bacteria…make more
transformed bacteria
gene from other organism +
recombinant plasmid
vector
plasmid
grow bacteria
harvest (purify) protein

20. Applications of biotechnology
Glow in the dark fish
Applications of biotechnology