1. Smart Materials Smart Materials Metals MR BRANDY Materials 1
Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM)
CAM (Computer aided manufacturing)) is the outcome of the Computer Aided Design process.
CAM Hardware
Smart Materials
MR BRANDY
Materials 1
Smart Materials
Metals
Most metals are extracted from their ores using a chemical reaction. Metals are rarely used in their pure form, and are usually mixed with other metals to improve their properties. This is called an alloy. Most metals are good conductors and can be recycled.
Ferrous metals
Ferrous metals contain iron. Examples are cast iron, mild steel, medium carbon steel, high carbon steel, stainless steel and high speed steel.
The ferrous metals listed below are all alloys.
Plastics Polymers
Natural sources of polymers include:
Plants - from which cellulose can be extracted
Trees - from which latex, amber and resin can be extracted
Animals - from which horn and milk (used to make glues) are obtained
insects - from which shellac (used to make polish) is obtained
Synthetic- Synthetic plastics are chemically manufactured from:
crude oil, coal, natural gas
Thermoplastics and thermoset plastics
Plastics are divided into thermoplastics and thermoset plastics.
Purpose of a PAR-Q:
It shows how READY someone is to begin a physical exercise programme. This is done by questions which gather information about someone’s health, past illness/injuries, medical conditions (identify if they have heart conditions etc, would they need to get a medical note from the doctors) and their current level of physical activity.
Ferrous Metals
Product Life Cycle
Life cycle is the time from a product’s manufacture, to its recycling or disposal, at the end of its useful life.
Customers often expect products to be designed and manufactured, so that they do as little damage to the environment as possible, throughout their entire lifetime.
Products should:
Be manufactured, from sustainable / recyclable materials, produce as little pollution as possible, during manufacture and use. Use as little energy / fuel as possible
Tool names
Coping Saw
Tenon Saw
Junior Hack saw
Hand file
Bench Hook
Metal Rule
Non Ferrous Metals
Rethink - How can the product do the job better? Is the product energy efficient? Has the product been designed for disassembly?
Reuse - Which parts of the product could be used again? Has the product got another use without having to process it?
Recycle - Which parts of the product can be recycled? Is this information clear on the packaging?
Repair - Which parts might need to be replaced? Which parts might fail with use or over time? How easy would it be to replace parts?
Reduce - Are there any parts in your product that are not needed? How can the amount of material be reduced? How could you simplify your product?
Refuse - Is your product really needed? Have you thought about the people who might be making your product - are they treated fairly (pay, living and working conditions etc)?
Components of fitness
Fitness Testing
Flexibility #
Sit and Reach
Muscular Endurance
30 seconds sit ups
30 second press ups
Muscular strength
Hand grip test
Cardiovascular endurance
12 minutes (Cooper Test)
Body composition
BMI
Name: Chisel
Function: used for cutting or carving hard materials such as metal, stone or wood
Continuous Training – constant rate running or cycling need to work at between 60% - 80% of your Maximum Heart Rate (220-Age = MHR) this type of training develops muscular and cardiovascular endurance but also for burning up body fat and improving body composition – this would be good for training of a 10km or marathon
Interval training: Fixed exercise of high and low intensity exercise eg you might alternate with speed 1 min then a brisk walk for 2 mins then you will repeat for a set time this will improve cardiovascular endurance but you need to overload to improve your fitness
Fartlek – changes of speed it involves changes in intensity without stopping eg sprint for 10 seconds, then jog for 20 seconds repeated for 2 minutes followed by long-stride running for 2 minutes. Good for activities which need a change of pace like football and basketball
Circuit Training – 6 – 10 stations you do specific exercise for a set amount of time before moving onto the next station. You’re allowed a short rest before moving onto the next station. All exercises are different – makes it more interesting, and can changed to meet an individual’s demands it can improve muscular and cardiovascular endurance. for example 30 seconds exercise at each station 30 seconds rest then do the circuit twice or three times these are called sets
Weight Training – improves strength and muscular endurance eg bicep curls, dips, press-ups, sit-ups, squats, squats with a weight – need to think about the number of repetitions at each station or the time at each station for example 30 seconds exercise at each station 30 seconds rest then do the circuit twice or three times these are called sets T r a i n g Me t h od s
3D Printer
Techsoft 2D design
Adobe Photoshop
Name: Flat File
Function: Used for general filing of hard materials such as metal and wood
Laser Cutter
CNC router

2. Smart Materials Smart Materials Product Life Cycle Timber T r a i n g
Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM)
CAM (Computer aided manufacturing)) is the outcome of the Computer Aided Design process.
CAM Hardware
Smart Materials
Smart Materials
Timber
There are two types of timber, called hardwood and softwood. These names do not refer to the properties of the wood: some softwoods can be hard and some hardwoods can be soft.
Softwood
Softwoods come from coniferous trees which are evergreen, needle-leaved, cone-bearing trees, such as cedar, fir and pine.
Hardwood
Hardwoods come from broad-leaved, deciduous trees. The main hardwood timbers are ash, beech, birch, cherry, elm, iroko, mahogany, meranti, oak, obeche, sapele and teak.
Working properties
Different materials exhibit different working properties. Listed below are the key properties which determine how materials behave.
conductivity is the ability of a material to conduct heat or electrical energy
strength is the ability of a material to withstand a force without breaking or bending
elasticity is the ability of a material to bend and then to return to its original shape and size
plasticity is the ability of a material to permanently change in shape
malleability is the ability of a material to permanently deform in all directions without cracking
ductility is the ability of a material to deform, usually by stretching along its length
hardness is the ability of a material to resist wear, scratching and indentation
toughness is the ability of a material to withstand blows or sudden shocks without breaking
durability is the ability of a material to withstand wear, especially as a result of weathering
fusibility is the ability of a material to change into a liquid or molten state when heated to its melting point
Purpose of a PAR-Q:
It shows how READY someone is to begin a physical exercise programme. This is done by questions which gather information about someone’s health, past illness/injuries, medical conditions (identify if they have heart conditions etc, would they need to get a medical note from the doctors) and their current level of physical activity.
Product Life Cycle
Life cycle is the time from a product’s manufacture, to its recycling or disposal, at the end of its useful life.
Customers often expect products to be designed and manufactured, so that they do as little damage to the environment as possible, throughout their entire lifetime.
Products should:
Be manufactured, from sustainable / recyclable materials, produce as little pollution as possible, during manufacture and use. Use as little energy / fuel as possible
Tool names
Coping Saw
Tenon Saw
Junior Hack saw
Hand file
Bench Hook
Metal Rule
Polymorph
Polymorph is available in small pellets which fuse together when heated to 62˚C. It can be moulded into shape resulting in a very tough polymer. Unused pellets can be re-heated and re-used.
Polymorph is used for:
manufacturing awkward shapes such as ergonomic handles
joining components together
making moulds for vacuum forming.
Smart Colours
Smart colours are pigments which can be incorporated into paints, dyes, inks and plastics.
thermochromic pigments react to changes in temperature
photochromic pigments react to changes in light levels
Photochromatic materials are used in the manufacture of sunglasses. Exposure to sunlight causes the lens of the glasses to darken to protect the eye.
Graphene
Graphene is made of a sheet of carbon atoms in a hexagonal lattice. Of the above, it is closest in form to graphite, but whereas that material is made from two-dimensional sheets of carbon held layer-upon-layer by weak intermolecular bonds, graphene is only one-sheet thick.
Rethink - How can the product do the job better? Is the product energy efficient? Has the product been designed for disassembly?
Reuse - Which parts of the product could be used again? Has the product got another use without having to process it?
Recycle - Which parts of the product can be recycled? Is this information clear on the packaging?
Repair - Which parts might need to be replaced? Which parts might fail with use or over time? How easy would it be to replace parts?
Reduce - Are there any parts in your product that are not needed? How can the amount of material be reduced? How could you simplify your product?
Refuse - Is your product really needed? Have you thought about the people who might be making your product - are they treated fairly (pay, living and working conditions etc)?
Components of fitness
Fitness Testing
Flexibility #
Sit and Reach
Muscular Endurance
30 seconds sit ups
30 second press ups
Muscular strength
Hand grip test
Cardiovascular endurance
12 minutes (Cooper Test)
Body composition
BMI
Name: Chisel
Function: used for cutting or carving hard materials such as metal, stone or wood
Continuous Training – constant rate running or cycling need to work at between 60% - 80% of your Maximum Heart Rate (220-Age = MHR) this type of training develops muscular and cardiovascular endurance but also for burning up body fat and improving body composition – this would be good for training of a 10km or marathon
Interval training: Fixed exercise of high and low intensity exercise eg you might alternate with speed 1 min then a brisk walk for 2 mins then you will repeat for a set time this will improve cardiovascular endurance but you need to overload to improve your fitness
Fartlek – changes of speed it involves changes in intensity without stopping eg sprint for 10 seconds, then jog for 20 seconds repeated for 2 minutes followed by long-stride running for 2 minutes. Good for activities which need a change of pace like football and basketball
Circuit Training – 6 – 10 stations you do specific exercise for a set amount of time before moving onto the next station. You’re allowed a short rest before moving onto the next station. All exercises are different – makes it more interesting, and can changed to meet an individual’s demands it can improve muscular and cardiovascular endurance. for example 30 seconds exercise at each station 30 seconds rest then do the circuit twice or three times these are called sets
Weight Training – improves strength and muscular endurance eg bicep curls, dips, press-ups, sit-ups, squats, squats with a weight – need to think about the number of repetitions at each station or the time at each station for example 30 seconds exercise at each station 30 seconds rest then do the circuit twice or three times these are called sets T r a i n g Me t h od s
3D Printer
Techsoft 2D design
Adobe Photoshop
Name: Flat File
Function: Used for general filing of hard materials such as metal and wood
Laser Cutter
CNC router