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Ch.5&6: Sensation & Perception

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Presentation on theme: "Ch.5&6: Sensation & Perception"— Presentation transcript:

1 Ch.5&6: Sensation & Perception
Thresholds Vision Hearing Smell, Taste, Touch, and Pain Perception Top down vs bottom up Selective attention Illusions (visual capture) Gestalt Figure-ground Binocular cues Monocular cues Motion perception Constancies Deprivation vs Adaptation Perceptual Set Context Effects

2 Thresholds Absolute Threshold Difference Threshold
Signal Detection Theory Gustav Fechner Similar to Weber’s law except mental intensity

3 Vision Transduction Accommodation Nearsighted vs. Farsighted

4 Color and Processing Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory
Opponent Process Feature Detectors Parallel processing

5 Hearing Place Theory vs. Frequency Theory
Conduction vs. Sensorineural hearing loss

6 Other Senses Pain: Gate-Control Theory
Body Position: vestibular sense vs. kinesthesis Sensory interaction

7 Top Down vs. Bottom Up

8 Selective Attention Inattentional Blindness Cocktail Party Effect

9 Visual Capture Wundt-Jastrow Muller Lyer

10 Gestalt

11 Figure Ground

12 Binocular Cues Depth perception Retinal Disparity Convergence

13 Monocular Cues

14 Motion Perception Phi Phenomenon

15 Perceptual Constancy

16 Deprivation & Adaptation
Deprivation: lose a sense and it is difficult to get back Adaptation: (in vision only) can adjust to loss of depth perception

17 Perceptual Interpretation
Perceptual Set Perceptual Context Human Factors

18 Ch.8: Learning Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning
Observational Learning Cognitive Learning

19 Classical: Pavlov US UR CS CR Acquisition Extinction
Spontaneous Recovery Generalization Discrimination

20 Classical: Others Watson: Baby Albert Garcia: Aversion =
Rescorla: Strong Prediction = Stronger CR

21 Operant: Skinner He built his ideas off of the law of effect (Thorndike) Shaping Overjustification

22 Reinforcement vs. Punishment
Reinforcement (increases behavior) Positive Negative Continuous Partial/intermittent Punishment (decreases behavior) Positive Negative

23 Social: Bandura Modeling Bobo doll

24 Cognitive Latent Learning (Tolman) Cognitive maps Learned helplessness

25 Biological Predispositions
Helpful for survival: Aversions- good to know food that is bad for you Operant Shaping- tough to shape someone away from natural learning (attachment for example)

26 Ch.9: Memory Models of Memory Encoding Storage Retrieval Forgetting

27 Models of Memory Encode Store Retrieve Sensory Short-Term Long-Term

28 Encoding

29 Types of Encoding Rehearsal (Ebbinghaus- amount remembered = time on learning) Spacing effect Serial position (primacy and recency effect) Von Restorff effect: 5 golden rings! Mnemonics: MVEMJSUNP Chunking, hierarchies- phone numbers, remembering presidents Key word method: broca. . .boca Pegword method: 1 is a bun. . . Method of loci: objects around house Self-reference effect: take the “Hajj” to go to dinner Visual, Acoustic, and Semantic (semantic is most remembered!)

30 Storage Short Term (20-30 seconds) Long Term (unlimited) Sensory
Miller: magic number 7 Long Term (unlimited) Sensory Iconic (remember what we see) Echoic (remember what we hear)

31 Other Types of Memory Eidetic Procedural
photographic Procedural Riding a bike State Dependent/Mood Congruent Remember when we are in the same mood Context Dependent Remember when we are in the same context (setting) Flashbulb Car crash, 9/11

32 Retrieval Recall (fill-in-blanks) vs. Recognition (multiple choice)
Implicit (without conscious recall, riding a bike) Explicit (conscious recall, info for a test)

33 Forgetting Amnesia Interference Memory Construction (Loftus)
Retrograde: can’t remember before crash Anterograde: can’t remember after crash Interference Proactive: difficulty remembering new info Retroactive: difficulty remembering old info Memory Construction (Loftus) How an event is framed can lead to incorrect memory Schemas can lead to incorrect memory construction Repression, absent mindedness, blocking

34 Ch.10: Thinking/Language
Concepts Problem Solving Impediments to Problem Solving Apes Language How we learn/Structure

35 Concepts Concept- mental image Prototype- best example (superman)

36 Problem Solving Algorithm- rubric’s cube Heuristics- trial and error
Insight- ah ha!

37 Impediments Fixation (wheel of fortune) Mental Set (O T T F F S)
Functional Fixedness (screwdriver to hammer in nail) Mental Set (O T T F F S) Representativeness Heuristics (poetry reader) Availability Heuristics (letter “K”) Framing (salesmen) Bias Confirmation Bias (support what you already know) Belief Perseverance (still believing 9/11 is a conspiracy)

38 Apes Kohler Thinking/insight in apes Sultan (ape) story

39 How We Learn Chomsky- Language Acquisition Device Phoneme Morpheme
Bat (3) Morpheme Unprepared (3) Syntax Adjectives before nouns Overgeneralization Yesterday, I goed to the store.

40 Ch.11: Intelligence Theories Testing Intelligence Extremes Good Tests

41 Main Theories One General Intelligence Multiple Intelligences
Spearman Multiple Intelligences Gardner Triarchic Theory Sternberg

42 Other Theories Fluid vs. Crystallized Emotional Intelligence
Fluid: solve problems quickly (declines with age) Crystallized: retained info (increases with age) Emotional Intelligence Works off of Gardner

43 Testing Intelligence Binet- developed 1st intelligence test
Terman- developed Stanford-Binet which calculates IQ IQ: mental age ÷ chronological age x 100 Wechsler- developed modern intelligence tests WISC and WAIS

44 Extremes Gifted Mental Retardation Down Syndrome Savant IQ below 70
Caused by extra chromosome Savant Mentally retarded but excel in one area

45 Good Tests Standard: same limits/instructions (looking for normal bell curve) Reliable: consistent results Valid: measures or predicts what it is supposed to Content and predictive validity

46 Achievement vs. Aptitude
Achievement- what you have learned Aptitude- predict future performance

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