1. Earth’s Surface was formed from a variety of geologic processes

2. Constructive vs. Destructive
Constructive force – processes that build up Earth's crust, create new landforms, or add sediment to existing areas of land
Destructive force – processes that break down rocks and landforms and carry sediment away

3. Weathering Process by which rock materials are broken down 2 kinds
Mechanical Weathering
Chemical Weathering

4. Mechanical Weathering
Breakdown of rock into smaller pieces by PHYSICAL means
Ex: Ice, wind, water, gravity, plants, animals

5. Chemical Weathering
The process by which rocks break down as a result of CHEMICAL reactions
Ex: Water, Acid Precipitation, groundwater acid, acid in living things, air

6. Erosion
The process by which soil and sediment is transported from one location to another

7. Deposition
The process by which sediments are released (dropped).

8. Agents responsible for Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition
Running Water (Streams and Rivers)
Moving Ice (Glaciers)
Ocean Waves
Wind
Mass Wasting (Huge amounts of rock/sediment moving downhill)

9. Streams and Rivers
Erosion starts upstream and deposition happens downstream
Sediment is smooth because of weathering (water rolling over the sediment)
Young rivers have faster erosion
Mature Rivers have more deposition
Deposition happens mostly at mouth of ocean/lake and inside bends of rivers/streams

10. Factors Making Faster Erosion
Shape of channel – Narrow and V shaped
Gradient (Slope) – Steep
Velocity (Speed) - High

11. Factors Making Deposition Faster
Shape of Channel – Wider
Gradient (Slope) – Gentler
Velocity (Speed) - Low

12. Floodplains
A nearly flat expanse of land that stretches from the banks of a slow, meandering river

13. Glaciers’ Erosion
Glacier - a large body of snow and ice that forms on land and does not melt annually
Creates U shaped valleys
Smooth bedrock beneath and on sides of valley
Rocks trapped in glacier cut lines into bedrock

14. Depositional Features of Glaciers
Moraines – deposit of sediment that forms at the edge of a glacier as it pauses
Till – Sediment directly deposited by glacial ice as it melts

15. Depositional Features of Glaciers
Drumlins – Hills molded from till by glaciers moving over it
Outwash Plains – Broad, flat area in front of a glacier where large amounts of sediment are deposited by glacial melt water

16. Depositional Features of Glaciers
Kettles – Large depression left when ice melts
Kettle lakes form when water wills the depression
Erratic – a rock or boulder that differs from the surrounding rock and is believed to have been brought from a distance by glacial action

17. Depositional Features of Glaciers
Eskers – A long, narrow, winding ridge composed of sand and gravel deposited by a glacier.

18. Weathered Features of Ocean Waves
Cliffs – A vertical, or near vertical, rock exposure
Sea Stacks – landform consisting of a steep and often vertical column or columns of rock in the sea near a coast.

19. Erosional and Depositional Features of Ocean Waves
Beach – Sand is deposited by waves
Spits - A depositional landform found off coasts where at one end, spits connect to land, and extend into the water

20. Erosional and Depositional Features of Ocean Waves
Barrier Islands – a coastal landform and a type of barrier system, are exceptionally flat and lumpy areas of sand, that are parallel to the mainland coast

21. Wind Weathering, erosion, and deposition by wind is common in:
Arid reqions with no veggitation so sediment is exposed.
Along costal regions where wind is active
Deserts where sandblasting occurs

22. Wind Landforms
Yardangs -  A hill carved from bedrock by the dual action of wind abrasion, from dust and sand
Unique Rock Textures
Dunes – Hills formed by deposition of sand
Along coasts and in deserts

23. Erosion and Deposition from Mass Wasting
Materials such as rock and sediment move downhill because of gravity
Threat to humans and their property
Mass wasting can be:
Dry or wet
Slow or fast
Large chunks or small particles

24. Erosion and Deposition from Mass Wasting
Avalanches – a rapid flow of snow down a sloping surface
Soil Creep – the slow downward progression of rock and soil down a low grade slope

25. Erosion and Deposition of Mass Wasting
Mudslides – a rapid movement of a large mass of mud formed from loose dirt and water
Rockfall – quantities of rock falling freely from a cliff

26. Erosion and Deposition of Mass Wasting
Landslides - the sudden movement of large amounts of loose soil, rocks, and other materials as they fall or slide downward due to gravity