1. Transforming Transportation January 17th, 2013
Sustainable Urban Transport Fuels and Vehicles Darío Hidalgo, PhD Director of Research and Practice, EMBARQ
Transforming Transportation
January 17th, 2013

2. Modal Distribution in LAC (2007)
We focus a lot on cars – but public transport still makes up a big portion of transportation in developing countries.
Fuente: Observatorio Movilidad Urbana CAF

3. Therefore it is important that we have the cleanest bus technologies

4. Meta-analysis of Exhaust Emissions
Authors:
Erin Cooper, Aileen Carrigan EMBARQ
Magdala Arioli, EMBARQ Brasil
Umang Jain, EMBARQ India
Contributions: Jorge Macias, Cynthia Menendez, Georg Schmid, CTS-EMBARQ Mexico
Funding:

5. Exhaust Emissions Which type of fuel and which technology
has the lowest emissions in Brazil, India, and Mexico?
Emissions Testing
Engine Testing
In use, real drive cycle testing
Emissions Standard Testing US
Developing Countries
Europe
Also addresses issue of in-use emissions as noted in GFEI.

6. Fuels and Technologies
Emissions vary with respect to fuels, technologies
also significantly between the same fuel type and technology
Fuels
Exhaust After Treatment Technologies
Diesel (and Hybrids)
OC – Oxidation Catalyst
DPF – Diesel Particulate Filter
SCR – Selective Catalytic Reduction
EGR – Exhaust Gas Recirculation
Biodiesel (20 and 100%)
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
TWC – Three-way Catalyst
Liquified Natural Gas (LNG)
Ethanol

7. CO results graph
Older technology

8. THC results graph
Older CNG tech (mostly due to methane)

9. NOx results graph
ULSD with SCR
CNG with 3WC
Biodiesel

10. PM results graph
Diesel without emission control technologies

11. CO2e results graph ULSD, EGR, DPF, Hybrid
CNG, B20 w/o emission control
technologies

12. Example for India: NOx vs. PM

13. Example for India: CO2 vs. PM

14. Additional considerations
Lab tests versus field tests (major variations, little data apart from Diesel and CNG)
Drive Cycle – more variations in urban cycles
Mileage of vehicle – Nox increases, CO2 a little
Altitude – Nox, THC, CO2 increases (little data above 1000 meters)
Overall analysis of emissions: it is important to see various emissions and not to focus on just one, e.g. CO2eq or PM… because there are always tradeoffs

15. CO THC NOx PM CO2 LNG High Very High Medium Very Low E95 E93 D50+DPF
D15+SCR
D15+OC
D15+Hybrid
Variable
D15+EGR
D15+DPF
D15
D≥150+OC
D≥150
CNG+OC
CNG+3WC
CNG
B20
B100+SCR
B100+EGR

16. Conclusion
It is important to see the technologies in the various dimensions of emissions
After treatment is very important – EGR, OC, DPF
According to the data, the best combinations are:
CNG + 3WC
B100 + SCR
D15 + OC
D15+ Hybrid (depends on air conditioning)
It is necessary to review the total cost of ownership (lifecycle)

18. ¡Gracias!