1. Concepts of ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY
The HUMAN BODY
Concepts of ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY

2. ANATOMY FORM/STRUCTURE What it IS
Example: heart, blood cells, bone names and structures

3. PHYSIOLOGY FUNCTION What it DOES
Ex: Heart pumps blood, blood cells carry oxygen, muscle contraction

4. Levels of Organization
Chemical Level
elements (atoms) and molecules essential for life.
Cellular Level
each cell has a unique shape and function
Tissue Level
groups of similar cells performing a specific function

5. Levels of Organization (cont)
Organ Level
two or more different tissues with specific functions and recognizable shapes
System Level
groups of organs which work together for a common function
Organism Level:
Human Body-groups of organ systems working together

6. Turn to an elbow partner and describe to them how you would drive from Sandy to Disneyland using this map.

7. Anatomical Position Standing erect, with palms and feet facing forward
It is the standard reference point in which all positions, movements, and planes are described

8. Positions and Directions
Superior
Refers to a structure being closer to the head or higher than another structure in the body
Inferior
Refers to a structure being closer to the feet or lower than another structure in the body

9. Positions and Directions
Anterior
Refers to a structure being more in front than another structure in the body
Posterior
Refers to a structure being more in back than another structure in the body

10. Positions and Directions
Medial
Refers to a structure being closer to the midline or median plane of the body than another structure of the body
Lateral
Refers to a structure being farther away from the midline than another structure of the body

11. Turn to the neighbor at your right and give him/her an example for body parts using each of the anatomical positions we have covered so far (medial/lateral/ superior/inferior/anterior/ posterior). For example: The head is superior to the neck

12. Positions and Directions
Distal
(Reference to the extremities only)
Refers to a structure being further away from the root of the limb than another structure in the limb
Proximal
Refers to a structure being closer to the root of the limb than another structure in that limb
Root
Root

13. Distal / Proximal Cont.
When you divide the skeleton into Axial (Blue) and Appendicular (Yellow) you can better understand the extremities and their roots.
Proximal
Distal
Root

14. Positions and Directions
Superficial
Refers to a structure being closer to the surface of the body than another structure
Deep
Refers to a structure being closer to the core of the body than another structure

15. Positions and Directions
Ventral
Towards the front or belly
You vent out or your nose and mouth.
Dorsal
Towards the back
Like the Dorsal fin of a dolphin.

16. Positions and Directions
Prone
Lying face down
Like a Pro Baseball player sliding into Home.
Supine
Lying face up
Lying on your spine and you can have soup poured into your mouth.
Unilateral
Pertaining to one side of the body
Bilateral
Pertaining to both sides of the body

17. Label each of these terms on your note sheet

18. Turn to the neighbor on your left and tell him/her about which anatomical directional term is the most confusing to you.
Have him/her help you determine a better way to understand and remember this term.

19. Fixed lines of reference --which aides viewing of the body or an organ
Planes
Fixed lines of reference --which aides viewing of the body or an organ

20. Divides body in right and left sections
Sagittal plane
Divides body in right and left sections

21. Divides body into EQUAL right and left sections
Mid-Sagittal plane
Divides body into EQUAL right and left sections

22. Coronal (Frontal) Plane
Divides into anterior and posterior sections

23. Divides into superior and inferior sections
Transverse plane
Divides into superior and inferior sections

24. SPACES in the body that contain body organs or other structures
BODY CAVITIES
SPACES in the body that contain body organs or other structures

25. BODY CAVITIES Lined with a serous membrane Two membranes
next to the cavity wall—parietal
next to the organ--visceral
Serous fluid is between membranes, prevents friction and provides protection and cushion

26. Dorsal Body Cavity Cranial Cavity houses the brain
Spinal (Vertebral) Cavity
Houses and protects spinal cord

27. Ventral Body Cavity Thoracic Cavity Abdominopelvic Cavity
-pleural cavities (2) -abdominal cavity
-mediastinum -pelvic cavity
-pericardial cavity

28. Pause for effect… Color the body cavities worksheet and keep it with your notes

29. Body Regions

32. STUDY TIME!

33. Abdominopelvic Quadrants
The quadrants are used by clinical personnel to describe the location of abdominopelvic pain, tumors, or other abnormalities
Imaginary lines intersecting the UMBILICUS. Divides the abdominopelvic cavity into four areas

34. Abdominopelvic Quadrants
RUQ--Right upper quadrant
Liver
Right kidney
Gall bladder
LUQ--Left upper quadrant
Spleen
Stomach
Left kidney
Pancreas
RLQ--Right lower quadrant
Cecum
Appendix
Right ovary
LLQ--Left lower quadrant
Left ovary
Lower descending colon

35. Abdominopelvic Quadrants
STOP AND DRAW:
Draw two intersecting lines through the abdomen
Draw a small circle where the lines intersect
Label this area the UMBILICUS
Draw and label the organs in their respective quadrants

37. Muscle Movements

38. Movements Flexion Extension Hyperextension
Bending a joint or decreasing the angle between two bones
In the Fetal Position we are flexing our joints
Extension
Straightening a joint or increasing the angle between two bones
In the Anatomical Position we are extending our joints
Hyperextension
Excessive extension of the parts at a joint beyond anatomical position.

39. Movements Adduction Moving a body part towards the midline of the body
Abduction
Moving a body part away from the midline of the body

40. Movements Pronation Supination Turning the arm or foot downward
(palm or sole of the foot - down)
Prone
Supination
Turning the arm or foot upward
(palm or sole of the foot - up)
Supine – hold a bowl of soup

41. Movements Retraction Protraction Elevation Depression
Moving a part backward
Protraction
Moving a part forward
(sticking your tongue out)
Elevation
Raising a part
(Shrugging the shoulders)
Depression
Lowering a part

42. Movements Rotation Circumduction Internal rotation External rotation
Turning on a single axis
Circumduction
Tri-planar, circular motion at the hip or shoulder
Internal rotation
Rotation of the hip or shoulder toward the midline
External rotation
Rotation of the hip or shoulder away from the midline

43. Movements
Lateral Flexion
Side-bending left or right

44. Movements of the Foot Inversion Eversion Dorsiflexion Plantarflexion
Turning the sole of the foot inward
Eversion
Turning the sole of the foot outward
Dorsiflexion
Ankle movement bringing the foot towards the shin
Plantarflexion
Ankle movement pointing the foot downward

45. Movements of the Wrist & Thumb
Radial Deviation
Movement of the wrist towards the radius or lateral side.
Ulnar Deviation
Movement of the wrist towards the ulna or medial side.
Opposition
Movement of the thumb across the palm of the hand.

46. Simon Says!

47. Homeostasis
Body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment--despite changes that occur internally or externally.

48. Homeostasis must be maintained in:
gas concentrations
temperature
blood pressure
pH (acidity)
nutrients
water
ions

49. Feedback Systems Negative Feedback Positive Feedback
Body attempts to stop (inhibit) action
* Most feedback in the body is negative! *
Temperature, pH, water balance, blood sugar levels
Positive Feedback
Body attempts to encourage (stimulate) action
Blood clotting, labor, breast milk production

50. 5 STEPS OF FEEDBACK Know this for the test!! STIMULUS
what action occurred
2. RECEPTOR
finds out what happened
3. CONTROL CENTER
brain/spinal cord—decide on action
EFFECTOR
carries out action
RESPONSE
return to homeostasis
Know this for the test!!

51. Homeostasis “Quiz” (Write your answers in the margin of your notes)
A change in body temperature would be positive/negative feedback.
A mother going through labor would be positive/negative feedback.
Give an example of a feedback loop using all five steps.

52. Sum total of ALL CHEMICAL PROCESSES that occur in the body
Metabolism
Sum total of ALL CHEMICAL PROCESSES that occur in the body

53. Anabolism
Using energy to synthesize or BUILD new tissue or molecules

54. Catabolism
The BREAKDOWN of tissue or chemical structures to produce or generate energy

55. THE END