1. Cladogram notes

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3. A cladogram is a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms.

4. The different organisms are located across the top of the cladogram.

5. Telephone Cladogram
Organisms

6. The different traits (characteristics) are located on the main branch of the cladogram.

7. Telephone Cladogram
Organisms
Traits

8. If two organisms are located next to each other on the tree, it means they are very closely related (share a recent ancestor)
Closely related

9. Telephone Cladogram
Closely related
Organisms
Traits

10. A speciation event is the evolutionary moment when a common ancestor species diverged into two distinct species. Speciation events occur at the nodes.
Nodes = speciation event

11. Telephone Cladogram
Closely related
Organisms
Nodes = Speciation events
Traits

12. Common ancestor for all organisms
A common ancestor is the most recent ancestral species from which two different species evolved. The common ancestor for all organisms on the cladogram is located on the root of the main branch.
Common ancestor for all organisms

13. Telephone Cladogram
Closely related
Organisms
Nodes = Speciation events
Traits
Common ancestor for all organisms
Common ancestor = most recent ancestral species from which two different species evolved

14. Time! (Closest to today) (Farthest from today)
The left side of the cladogram occur in the past (farthest from today) while the right side of the cladogram is more recent (closer to today)
(Closest to today)
(Farthest from today)
Time!

15. Nodes = Speciation events
Telephone Cladogram
Closely related
Organisms
Nodes = Speciation events
Traits
Time!
Common ancestor for all organisms
Common ancestor = most recent ancestral form or species from which two different species evolved

16. When a new trait appears, every organism that evolved after that point should have the trait.
Organism 3 has an electronic punch dial AND is self dial (no operator)
All organisms besides #1 have a self-dial (no operator)
Every organism above the trait has the trait

17. Nodes = Speciation events
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Every organism above the trait has the trait
Telephone Cladogram
Closely related
Organisms
Nodes = Speciation events
Traits
Time!
Common ancestor for all organisms
Common ancestor = most recent ancestral form or species from which two different species evolved

18. An organism that doesn’t have any of the traits is called an outgroup.

19. Nodes = Speciation events
Every organism above the trait has the trait
Telephone Cladogram
Closely related
Organisms
outgroup
Nodes = Speciation events
Traits
Time!
Common ancestor for all organisms
Common ancestor = most recent ancestral form or species from which two different species evolved