1. Psychodynamic Approach
Associated with Sigmund Freud

2. What do you know already about the psychodynamic approach?
Do you think there is an unconscious mind? 
What evidence can you use to demonstrate its existence or non existence?
What are Instincts?  Where do they come from? Which are we born with?
Are we basically selfish?  Is pleasure the most important thing in life?
Where do our feelings of guilt or anxiety come from?
Where do our thoughts come from? Why do certain situations trigger our emotions?

3. Why Freud is important….
Saw the importance of sex
Saw the importance of childhood
Created the first talking therapy
watch?v=hQh9LBIhjyM
watch?v=hAo_-jcfXUk
watch?v=eAtHpOM63ZQ

4. Sigmund Freud….associated with
Unconscious Mind
Freudian Slips
Dreams
Psychological defence mechanisms
The structure of personality
Psychosexual development

5. One Key assumption of the psychodynamic approach
That a large part of the mind is ‘unconscious’ but it can affect our feelings, thoughts and behaviour

6. Iceberg model of the mind.
PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH

7. Pre-conscious: Contains thoughts that can become conscious to us.
Thoughts arising from the unconscious that may at a later stage become conscious are stored here.

8. Consciousness:
The Conscious State: Means all the mental processes that we are directly aware of at a given moment.
Thoughts that are suitable for us to be aware of pass from the unconscious to the conscience mind.

9. Unconscious:
This part of the mind is NOT accessible and contains our inner drives and repressed experiences.
All thoughts start here
Biological instincts originate from here including unacceptable sexual thoughts.
It contains the Eros and Thanatos instincts including the Libido which can manifests into the sex drive.
Thoughts that do not go into the pre-conscious must be actively repressed- this is a dynamic process, although we are unaware of it happening.

10. Unconscious:
Has no logic and makes no distinctions between reality and fantasy (carrying out sexual desires).
Unconscious thoughts try to actively get though to or consciousness.
Can use symbols such as in dreams.
Can hold two conflicting thoughts at the same time- eg. Feeling love and hate .
Influences behaviour in logical ways- or so Freud though- eg Freudian slips.

11. Conscious
Preconscious
Unconscious

12. Tri-partite personality

13. ID: primitive part, contains energy to fulfil our instincts. e. g
ID: primitive part, contains energy to fulfil our instincts. e.g. Sexual and aggressive drives. Pleasure Principle. Defends conscious against displeasure.
EGO: Contacts with the external world. Functions to satisfy ID’s needs. Reality Principle.
SUPEREGO: Contains the ego-ideal which is a set of moral standards, it is the conscience which punishes bad behaviours and leads to guilt and anxiety

14. Id
Super Ego
Ego
Personality
David…young gentlemen

19. Another important assumption
The first 5 years of life are important to personality development
All children pass through the same 5 stages, if issues remain unresolved in any of these stages it can lead to later personality problems
Libido is sexual energy an instinctive energy. We are born with innate drives.

20. 5 Psychosexual Stages
Freud said all children go through these stages of development.
The order cannot be changed
At each stage the libido (inborn energy) is concentrated in different parts of the body.
The child is driven to satisfy the libido since satisfaction gives pleasure.
What happens during these stages affects the adult personality.

21. Psychosexual stages
We are all hedonistic- that is we are driven to satisfy the instinctual demands of the ID
Sources of pleasure are determined by the libido (life force)
As a child moves through different stages of development (psychosexual stages) the sources of pleasure change

22. Psychosexual Development: Instinctual drives:
Oral Stage
Anal Stage
Phallic Stage (Oedipus and Electra complex)
Latency stage
Genital stage

23. The Psychosexual Stages
1. The Oral stage –birth to about 18months
2. The Anal Stage 18 months-3years
3. The Phallic Stage 3-5 years
4. Latency 5years-puberty
5. Genital stage puberty onwards.

25. Stages:
Each stage at a different time in development and is related to gratification of the ID form a different pleasure source.
Driven by Instinctual drives:
Thantos: death instinct, aggressive drives.
Eros: life instinct, sex drive/libido.

26. http://www. youtube. com/watch
Freud’s psychosexual stages
-defence mechanisms

27. defence mechanisms
The ego uses when threatened by pressure from the Id and Superego.

28. Defence Mechanisms:
Protect us from mentally disturbing, harmful thoughts- memories- experiences.
Unconscious mind holds onto harmful thoughts by using defence mechanisms such as repression.
These thoughts may stem form earlier life, such as abuse, or unresolved Oedipus complex and can effect us in later life.

29. Is there any evidence for Defence Mechanisms?
Denial
Reaction formation
Projection
Regression
Sublimation
Displacement
Repression
Is there any evidence for Defence Mechanisms?

30. Penile Plethysmograph

31. Adams et al 1996: Reaction Formation
Reaction Formation means adopting a view that is the direct opposite of true feelings.
Studied homophobic men watching gay porn.
Measured aggression levels and sexual arousal using questionnaire, self reports and physiological measures

32. Results Adams et al 1996. No difference in aggression.
No difference when viewing lesbians or heterosexual scenes.
BUT
80% homophobic men were aroused when viewing gay scenes- compared to only 33% non-homophobic men.
Evidence for defence mechanism against being gay.

33. Revealing inner thoughts:
Actively repressing inner thought takes up energy (psychic energy originates in the unconscious)
Thought are sublimated i.e. channelled into other forms
Freudian slips. Parapraxes
Dreams
Neurotic symptoms.

34. Freudian slips
Things in our unconscious mind trying to slip into our consciousness, we substitute words for an indented one: eg:
Organism or orgasm
Love or hate
However has been criticised- do all mistakes have relevance to inner emotions?
See U tube clip

35. Top ten Freudian slips on TV