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LEARNING A systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience. 2 types: 1. Associative learning: occurs when we make a.

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Presentation on theme: "LEARNING A systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience. 2 types: 1. Associative learning: occurs when we make a."— Presentation transcript:

1 LEARNING A systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience. 2 types: 1. Associative learning: occurs when we make a connection between two events. Classical and Operant Conditioning Conditioning: the process of learning associations. 2. Observational learning: occurs when a person observes and imitates another’s behavior.

2 OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
Learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates behavior. Also called: social learning modeling vicarious conditioning Keywords: model, imitate Important people: Bandura

3 ALBERT BANDURA American psychologist
Recognized the importance of cognition in learning Studied observational learning Examined the effect consequences has on modeling The Bobo Doll experiment

4 BOBO DOLL EXPERIMENT Children watched an adult model show aggressive behavior toward a bobo doll Three experimental conditions: The model was praised The model was punished The model received no consequences Results indicated that individuals (children) learn through imitating others based on consequences.

5 MODELING REQUIREMENTS
Bandura suggests four main processes for observational learning to occur: Attention Retention Reproduction Motivation Vicarious reinforcement Vicarious punishment

6 OTHER TYPES OF LEARNING
Latent Learning Insight Learning ** Both consider cognitive influences

7 LATENT LEARNING Unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior Also called implicit learning Learning occurs without our knowledge We only realize it once there is an incentive involved Studied by Edward Tolman (1932) Rats were placed in a maze and were given time to wander around Rats that had never been reinforced quickly knew how to get to the end of the maze when food was placed there Rats seem to develop cognitive maps: a mental representation of one's physical environment (layout of maze). Example You take the bus to school every day Your parents buy you a car You know how to drive to school, even though you’ve never driven there before

8 INSIGHT LEARNING A form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden understanding of a problem’s solution. an epiphany “AHA!” moment Studied by Wolfgang Kohler (1925) Chimpanzees; stick problem and box problem Think outside the box multicultural experiences enhance insight Kohler's chimpanzee showed "insight" in solving this problem. First, the chimp assembled a stick, then piled up boxes, then used the stick to reach a banana dangling from a tree.

9 BIOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS
Instinctive Drift: The tendency of animals to revert to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning. Studied by Keller & Marion Breland Pigs and raccoon examples Preparedness: the species-specific biological predisposition to learn in certain ways but not others. Evidenced by John Garcia & Robert Koelling Taste aversion & snake example

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