1. Analogies

2. Analogies test your ability to:
Recognize the relationship between the words in a word pair
Recognize when two word pairs display parallel relationships

3. To answer an analogy question you must:
Formulate and recognize the relationship between the words in the given word pair
Select the answer containing words related to one another in most nearly the same way
Recognize when two word pairs display parallel relationships

4. Analogies look like this:
STEM:WORDS ::
First pair
Second pair
Third pair
Fourth pair
Fifth pair

5. In what ways could two words be related?
The relationship will always have to do with the meaning of the words

6. Examples of possible relationships
Synonyms or antonyms
A part to the whole
A member to the category that contains it
Cause to effect (or effect to cause)
Varying degrees of a quantity or quality
Object to function

7. Here is one example of each of these relationships
Synonyms
INFANT: BABY
GROWN-UP : ??
Antonyms
BIG : SMALL
FULL : ??
Part to whole
WHEEL : CAR
BRANCH : ??
Member to Category
APPLE : FRUIT
CARROT : ??
Cause to Effect
SLIVER : PAIN
HEAT : ??
Matters of Degree
WARM : HOT
COOL : ??
Object to Function
TRUCK : TRANSPORT
OVEN : ??
Grown-Up -ADULT
Full - EMPTY
Branch - TREE
Carrot -VEGTABLE
Heat - BOIL
Cool -FRIGID
Oven - BAKE

8. PRACTICE PLATOON:SOLDIER HOT:SCALDING STARVATION:BINGING
GILLS:BREATHING
PERSUASIVE:CONVINCING
SOCCER:SPORT
Let’s practice recognizing relationships.
Part to whole - the second word (solider) is part of the first word (platoon)
Varying degree - the first word (hot) is the extreme of the second word (scalding)
Antonym
Object to function - gills are used to breathe
Synonym -someone who is persuasive is also convincing
Member to category- soccer is a type of sport

9. Approaches that may be helpful in answering analogy questions:
Try to establish a precise relationship between the words in the given pair
Form a sentence that captures the relationship between the two words
Then look for the answer choice containing the word pair whose relationship is closest to that of the given pair and can be expressed in a similar fashion

10. Example APPLE : FRUIT :: Salad : Mix Orange: Banana Juice : Can
Slice : Core
Carrot : Vegetable
Make a sentence that shows the relationship between apple and fruit. How about “An apple is a type of fruit.”
Test that sentence by going through all five answers choices, replacing apple & fruit with the different pairs of words.
Only one pair fits the sentence. Answer E: A carrot is a type of vegetable.

11. How do you know if you have a good sentence?
Look at the answer choices
If more than one answer choice seems to fit, then your sentence is too general
If none of them work, then your sentence is too specific

12. Example PEN : WRITE :: Pencil : Sharpen Ink : Blue Letter : Compose
Knife : Cut
Mistake : Erase
Too specific sentence - I once had a pen that my dog chewed but it still wrote in different colors. - sentence is too long, too specific.
Too general: A pen is a thing and to write is an action. Sentence is too vague. It describes each word individually and not the relationship of the words. Lots of very different pairs of words could fit from this sentence.

13. Helpful Approaches con’t:
Pay attention to the order of the words in the pair
Pay attention to the parts of speech
The relationships you need to explain will be constant relationships
Analogy questions are vocabulary intensive
Remember that a single word can have several different meaning
Never decide on the best answer without reading all the answer choices
Practice recognizing and formulating relationships between word pairs

14. Practice Mnemonic : Remember :: Amnesiac : Forget Euphoria : Relax
Nostril : Smell
Audio : Hear
E. Glasses : See
Mnemonic - a device used to aid memory
Remember is to recall
A mnemonic is a device used to help one to remember
Looking for an object to a function
An amnesiac is someone who has lost their memory.
Euphoria is a feeling of great joy.
Nostril is either of two openings at the end of a nose.
Audio- the recording or reproduction of sound.
Are glasses a device used to help one see? Glasses are a device used to correct poor vision, thus enabling a person to see more clearly.

15. Answer
Mnemonic : Remember ::
E. Glasses : See

16. Practice EXCORIATE : ABRADE :: Consent : Decree Demur : Agree
Mar : Burnish
Eschew : Avoid
Proscribe : Support
Excoriate - to wear off the skin, often through abrasion
Abrade - to be worn away by friction
Excoriate and Abrade are synonyms. We are looking for two words that mean the same.
Consent means to give permission, decree means to order
Demur means to object which is the opposite of agree.
Mar means to detract from. Burnish means to polish metal until it shines.
Eschew means to avoid doing something.
Proscribe is to prohibit something , support is to give active help
D. Is the only answers that the two words have the same meaning.

17. Answer
EXCORIATE : ABRADE ::
D. Eschew : Avoid

18. Practice COBBLER : OXFORDS :: Mason : Mortar Lapidary : Stones
Haberdasher : Linen
Chandler : Candles
Agronomist : Fertilizer
Cobbler is someone who makes shoes.
Oxfords are a type of shoe.
Looking for a member to category.
Mason -someone who makes things out of stone. Mortar is used to hold bricks and stone together.
Lapidary means to engrave in stone.
Haberdasher is someone who owns or works in a store that sells mens clothing.
A chandler is a candle maker.
Agronomist is someone who studies soil management.

19. Answer
COBBLER : OXFORDS ::
D. Chandler : Candles

20. 1. ______ : trail :: grain : grail
a. train
b. path
c. wheat
d. holy

21. 1. a. Train becomes trail when the “n” is replaced by an “l,” and grain becomes grail when the “n” is replaced by an “l.”

22. 2. particular : fussy ::______ : subservient
a. meek
b. above
c. cranky
d. uptight

23. 2. a. Particular is a synonym for fussy, and meek is a synonym for subservient.

24. 3. ______ : horse ::board : train
a. stable
b. shoe
c. ride
d. mount

25. 3. d. To mount means to get on a horse, and to board means to get on a train.

26. 4. tureen : ______ ::goblet : wine
a. napkin
b. soup
c. spoon
d. pilsner

27. 4. b. A tureen is used to hold soup, and a goblet is used to hold wine.

28. 5. 4 : 6 :: ______ : 16
a. 2
b. 14
c. 8
d. 10

29. If I have to explain this, you need to start tutoring with Venable and Kilkenny ASAP!
Even I know why on this one, and I’m math illiterate.

30. 6. son : nuclear ::______ : extended
a. father
b. mother
c. cousin
d. daughters

31. 6. c. A son is part of a nuclear family, and a cousin is part of an extended family.

32. 7. coif : hair :: ______ : musical
a. shower
b. close
c. praise
d. score

33. 7. d. To coif means to arrange hair, and to score means to arrange a musical.

34. 8. feta : Greek ::provolone : ______
a. salad
b. Swiss
c. blue
d. Italian

35. 8. d. Feta is a Greek cheese, and provolone is an Italian cheese.

36. 9. moccasin : snake ::______ : shoe
a. alligator
b. waders
c. asp
d. loafer

37. 9. d. A moccasin is a type of snake, and a loafer is a type of shoe.

39. 10. ______ : zenith ::fear : composure
a. apex
b. heaven
c. heights
d. nadir

40. 10. d. Nadir is the opposite of zenith, and fear is the opposite of composure.