1. Section Outline 1–1 What Is Science? A. What Science Is and Is Not
B. Evidence Based on Observation
C. Interpreting the Evidence
D. Explaining the Evidence
E. A Scientific View of the World
F. Science and Human Values
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2. SECTION 1-1 Guided Reading
What Science Is and Is Not (page 3)
1. What is the goal of science? The goal of science is to investigate and understand nature, to
explain events in nature, and to use those explanations to make useful predictions
2. What is science?
Science is an organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world.

3. GUIDED READING 1-1
3. What is observation? Observation is the process of gathering information about events or processes in a careful, orderly way.
4. The information gathered from observation is called. data
5. Complete the table about types of data.
Quantitative Numbers degrees Fahrenheit
Qualitative Characteristics that cannot be The solution turned cloudy.
easily measured or counted
6. What is an inference? An inference is a logical interpretation based on prior knowledge and experience.

4. Observation and Inference
Section 1-1
Statement Observation Inference
Object A is round and orange. X
Object A is a basketball.
Object A is a basketball.
Object B is a table-tennis
ball.
Object C is a soccer ball.
Object C is round and black and white.
Object C is larger than Object B.
Object B is smooth.
Object B is a table-tennis ball.
Each object is used in a different sport.
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5. Observations/Inferences lead to Hypotheses
Writing a hypothesis
Step 1
Form a question based on observations. For instance, if you notice your pet mice have more babies when you feed them corn rather than pellets, this is an observation. Your question, therefore, may be: Do mice produce more babies when fed corn? You can test this, but first you must form a hypothesis.
Step 2
Write down what you predict will happen in your experiment. For instance, you can predict that if you feed some of your mice corn, they will produce more babies than mice to which you feed pellets.

6. Step 3
Determine your manipulated (ind) and responding variables (dep). For example, if mice are fed a diet of corn, they will have more babies. The corn diet is the manipulated variable, and mice babies are the responding variable. Both the manipulated and responding variables must be measurable and testable.
Step 4
Most often, hypotheses are stated as ‘if-then’ statements. That is, you are stating that if X is the relationship, then Y should prove it. In our example using mice and corn feed, an appropriate hypothesis would be: "(IF) corn is the cause of more babies (THEN) mice fed corn while pregnant will have more babies than similar mice fed with pellets.

7. Hypothesis
If manipulated is related to responding, then prediction.
If the Zika virus causes microcephaly in babies, then expecting mothers testing postive for Zika virus have a more likely chance of having children with microcephaly.

8. Section Outline 1–2 How Scientists Work A. Designing an Experiment
1. Stating the Problem
2. Forming a Hypothesis
3. Setting Up a Controlled Experiment
4. Recording and Analyzing Results
5. Drawing a Conclusion
B. Publishing and Repeating Investigations
1. Needham’s Test of Redi’s Findings
2. Spallanzani’s Test of Redi’s Findings
3. Pasteur’s Test of Spontaneous Generation
4. The Impact of Pasteur’s Work
C. When Experiments Are Not Possible
D. How a Theory Develops
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9. Flowchart Designing an Experiment State the Problem Analyze Results
Section 1-2
Designing an Experiment
State the Problem
Analyze Results
Form a Hypothesis
Draw a Conclusion
Set Up a Controlled Experiment
Publish Results
Record Results
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10. Figure 1-8 Redi’s Experiment on Spontaneous Generation
Section 1-2
OBSERVATIONS: Flies land on meat that is left uncovered. Later, maggots appear on the meat.
HYPOTHESIS: If the flies are related to the maggots, then preventing flies from landing on the meat will prevent maggots.
PROCEDURE
Uncovered jars
Covered jars
Controlled Variables:
jars, type of meat,
location, temperature,
time
Several
days pass
Manipulated Variables:
gauze covering that
keeps flies away from
meat
Responding Variable:
whether maggots
appear
Maggots appear
No maggots appear
CONCLUSION: Maggots form only when flies come in contact with meat. Spontaneous generation of maggots did not occur.
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11. Why they had to conduct new experiments?
What did Needham do? And what did he find out? Problems???
What did Spallanzani do? What did he find out? Problems????
What did Pasteur do? What did he find out?

12. Figure 1-10 Spallanzani’s Experiment
Section 1-2
Gravy is boiled.
Flask is
open.
Gravy is teeming
with microorganisms.
Flask is
sealed.
Gravy is free of
microorganisms.
Gravy is boiled.
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13. Figure 1-11 Pasteur’s Experiment
Section 1-2
Broth is boiled.
Broth is free of
microorganisms
for a year.
Curved neck
is removed.
Broth is
teeming with microorganisms.
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14. Figure 1-11 Pasteur’s Experiment
Section 1-2
Broth is boiled.
Broth is free of
microorganisms
for a year.
Curved neck
is removed.
Broth is
teeming with microorganisms.
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15. Figure 1-11 Pasteur’s Experiment
Section 1-2
Broth is boiled.
Broth is free of
microorganisms
for a year.
Curved neck
is removed.
Broth is
teeming with microorganisms.
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16. Figure 1-11 Pasteur’s Experiment
Section 1-2
Broth is boiled.
Broth is free of
microorganisms
for a year.
Curved neck
is removed.
Broth is
teeming with microorganisms.
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17. Section Outline 1–3 Studying Life A. Characteristics of Living Things
1. Made Up of Cells
2. Reproduction
3. Based on a Genetic Code
4. Growth and Development
5. Need for Materials and Energy
6. Response to the Environment
7. Maintaining Internal Balance
8. Evolution
B. Branches of Biology
C. Biology in Everyday Life
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18. Characteristics of Living Things
Section 1-3
Characteristic
Examples
Living things are made up of units called cells.
Many microorganisms consist of only a single cell. Animals and trees are multicellular.
Living things reproduce.
Maple trees reproduce sexually. A hydra can reproduce asexually by budding.
Living things are based on a universal genetic code.
Flies produce flies. Dogs produce dogs. Seeds from maple trees produce maple trees.
Living things grow and develop.
Flies begin life as eggs, then become maggots, and then become adult flies.
Living things obtain and use materials and energy.
Plants obtain their energy from sunlight. Animals obtain their energy from the food they eat.
Living things respond to their environment.
Leaves and stems of plants grow toward light.
Living things maintain a stable internal environment. Homeostasis.
Despite changes in the temperature of the environment, a robin maintains a constant body temperature.
Taken as a group, living things change over time. Evolution.
Plants that live in the desert survive because they have become adapted to the conditions of the desert.
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19. Figure 1-21 Levels of Organization
Section 1-3
Biosphere
The part of Earth
that contains all
ecosystems
Biosphere
Ecosystem
Community and
its nonliving
surroundings
Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass, stream, rocks, air
Community
Populations that
live together in a
defined area
Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass
Population
Group of
organisms of one
type that live in
the same area
Bison herd
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20. Figure 1-21 Levels of Organization continued
Section 1-3
Organism
Individual living
thing
Bison
Tissues, organs,
and organ systems
Groups of
Cells
Nervous tissue
Brain
Nervous system
Smallest functional
unit of life
Cells
Nerve cell
Groups of atoms;
smallest unit of
most chemical
compounds
Molecules
Water
DNA
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