1. Bio.A.1.1 - Explain the characteristics common to all organisms
Cells
Bio.A Explain the characteristics common to all organisms
Bio.A.1.2 – Describe relationships between structure & function at biological levels of organization

2. BIO.A.1 – Basic Biological Principles
Bio.A – Describe the characteristics of life shared by all prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms
Bio.A – Compare cellular structures & their functions in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Bio.A – Describe & interpret relationships between structure & function at various levels of biological organization

3. Vocabulary
Cell organelle Golgi apparatus Cell theory vacuole chloroplasts Cell membrane lysosome mitochondria Nucleus cytoskeleton cell wall Eukaryote centriole lipid bilayer Prokaryote ribosome selectively permeable Cytoplasm endoplasmic reticulum

4. The Cell Theory Cells are the basic unit of life
All living things are made of cells
Plants, animals, bacteria, etc.
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things
Can you give an example from your own body?
New cells are produced only from existing cells

5. Microscopes
We use various types of microscopes to see into and study cells
We will use a compound light microscope
Uses light and 2 lenses to create an image of the cell
Can only magnify the image about 1000 times
Not every part of a cell can be clearly seen with a light microscope
Electron microscopes use a beam of electrons and offer much higher resolution – can be used to study cell structures that are one billionth of a meter in size!

6. Microscopes There are 2 types of electron microscopes
Transmission electron microscopes produce images that are flat and 2 dimensional because the specimen must be cut into ultra-thin slices
Scanning electron microscopes produce 3 dimensional images of the specimen’s surface
Electron microscopes require the specimen to be preserved & placed in a vacuum – which means only non-living cells and tissues can be examined

7. What Do You Think?
What type of microscope would you use to examine cellular life in a drop of pond water? Why?
What type of microscope would you use to examine the surface of the nucleus? Why?
You are presented with a specimen to examine. What are two questions you could ask to determine the best microscope to use?

8. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
There are a variety of cells, but all cells have a few characteristics in common
All cells (at some point) have DNA (genetic material)
All cells have a cell membrane (flexible barrier)
All cells have cytoplasm (watery substance)
All cells have proteins and ribosomes (structure that makes proteins)
All cells (living things) grow, reproduce, obtain and use materials/energy, maintain a stable internal environment and respond to their environment

9. Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes are generally smaller and simpler than eukaryotes
Prokaryotic cells do not separate their genetic material into a nucleus
They do not have specialized organelles
ALL prokaryotes are single celled organisms
Bacteria are prokaryotes

10. Typical Prokaryote
What type of microscope do you think would be best to use to examine a typical prokaryotic cell? Why?

11. Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes are generally larger and much more complex than prokaryotes
Eukaryotic cells contain many highly specialized internal structures (organelles)
One organelle is called the nucleus – Eukaryotes store DNA inside the nucleus.
Some eukaryotes are single celled (amoeba) and some are multicellular (us)

12. Eukaryotes
Not all eukaryotic cells are the same but there are many parts most or all have in common
Nucleus – where the DNA is stored, has a nuclear membrane with nuclear pores
The nucleolus is inside the nucleus and is where the ribosomes are made
Ribosomes – make proteins, also found in prokaryotes, made of RNA and have 2 subunits

13. The Nucleus

14. Eukaryotes
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum – network of membranes that modify proteins and studded with ribosomes, connected to nucleus
How is the rough ER’s structure related to its function?
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum – network of membranes, synthesize membrane lipids & detoxifies drugs
What human organ would you expect to have large amounts of smooth ER?

15. Eukaryotes
Golgi Apparatus – network of membranes that modifies, sorts and packages proteins after they leave the rough ER
Vacuoles – membrane bound storage facilities for the cell, often large & filled with water especially in plants

16. Eukaryotes
Lysosomes – membrane bound and filled with enzymes, for breaking down large molecules or older cell parts
Centrioles – made of protein, help organize cell division, in animal cells but not plant cells

17. Eukaryotes
Cytoskeleton – helps the cell maintain its shape and also helps control cell movement
Microtubules – large tubes
Intermediate filaments – middle sized tubes, for support
Microfilaments – smallest in size

18. Eukaryotes
Mitochondria – convert chemical energy stored in food (glucose) into more useful chemical energy (ATP), double membrane bound organelle, cell respiration
Chloroplasts – found in plant but not animal cells, convert light energy into chemical energy (glucose), double membrane bound organelle, photosynthesis

19. Eukaryotes
Cell membrane – all cells have a cell membrane, a fluid-mosaic, phospholipid bilayer that is selectively permeable, important in maintaining homeostasis

20. Eukaryotes
Cell wall –provides extra rigid support and protection for the cell, most are porous, not found in animal cells, made of cellulose in plants

21. What do you think?
The cell can be compared to a city. Can you determine which cell part would be most like the following parts of a city and why?
City Hall
nucleus
Post Office
golgi
Streets & Highways
cytoskeleton
Recycling Center
lysosome