1. A need or desire that leads to action
Motivation
A need or desire that leads to action

2. Overview of Chp. 12 Perspectives Major Motivators
Instincts & Evolution
Drives & Incentives
Optimum Arousal
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Major Motivators
Hunger
Sex
Need to Belong

3. Instincts & Evolution Instinct – fixed and unlearned
The more complex the organism the more flexible the behaviors

4. Drives & Incentives Drive-reduction Theory
Needs cause a drive to reduce/satisfy need
Organism wants to maintain homeostasis
Incentives pull (positive or negative stimuli)

5. Optimum Arousal We naturally seek arousal
This might explain “adrenaline junkies”

6. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Physiological
Basic hunger & thirst
Safety
Safe, secure, and stable
Want to know what is going on

7. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Belongingness & love
Love & acceptance
Avoid loneliness
Esteem
Self-esteem through achievement & independence
Recognition & respect from others
Self-actualization
Live up to full potential
The best possible you

8. Physiology of Hunger Stomach pangs = need to eat
Chemicals involved in hunger:
Insulin - controls glucose levels
leptin – increase metabolism & decrease hunger
orexin – triggers hunger
ghrelin – hunger signals
PYY – sends not-hungry signals
Fixed point vs settling point

9. Psychology of Hunger Memory of last meal Expectations of next meal
Cultural influences on food we eat
Mood
Avoidance of new foods may be motivated by survival

10. Eating Disorders
Anorexia nervosa
Bulimia nervosa