1. Agenda diēs Martis, a.d. xiv Kal. Oct. A.D. MMXVIII
HW Check: list 2 derivatives
Do Now: nullum est
Review List 2 Derivatives
Introduction to Latin Verbs: Characteristics & Terminology
Present Tense Verbs
Pensum:
Worksheet 4
Study Vocab. List #2 (quiz Monday)
Latin 1
Mr. Finnigan
Boston Latin School

2. Latin Verbs: The Basics

3. Basics – Conjugations
Like English verbs, verbs in Latin express an action or state of being
Like Latin nouns and adjectives, Latin verbs are inflected (endings change)
the inflection of verbs is called conjugation
Like nouns, verbs are divided into families:
these are called conjugations; there are 4 (1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th)
Just like a noun’s declension does not change, a verb’s conjugation does not change

4. Characteristics of Latin Verbs
Verbs have FIVE characteristics
Person: 1st, 2nd, 3rd
Number: SG, PL
Tense: present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, future perfect
Voice: active, passive
Mood: indicative, imperative, subjunctive

5. Characteristic 1: Person
Person indicates who the subject of the verb is with reference to the speaker
There are THREE persons in both numbers: 1st, 2nd, and 3rd
In English, we show person by personal pronouns
Person
Singular
Plural
1st
2nd
3rd

6. Characteristic 1: Person
Person indicates who the subject of the verb is with reference to the speaker
There are THREE persons in both numbers: 1st, 2nd, and 3rd
In English, we show person by personal pronouns
Person
Singular
Plural
1st I We
2nd
3rd

7. Characteristic 1: Person
Person indicates who the subject of the verb is with reference to the speaker
There are THREE persons in both numbers: 1st, 2nd, and 3rd
In English, we show person by personal pronouns
Person
Singular
Plural
1st I We
2nd
You
You (pl.) [y’all]
3rd

8. Characteristic 1: Person
Person indicates who the subject of the verb is with reference to the speaker
There are THREE persons in both numbers: 1st, 2nd, and 3rd
In English, we show person by personal pronouns
Person
Singular
Plural
1st I We
2nd
You
You (pl.) [y’all]
3rd
he/she/it
they

9. Characteristic 1: Person
In Latin, person is shown by personal endings
Person
Singular
Plural
1st
2nd
3rd

10. Characteristic 1: Person
In Latin, person is shown by personal endings
Person
Singular
Plural
1st
ō / m
2nd
3rd

11. Characteristic 1: Person
In Latin, person is shown by personal endings
Person
Singular
Plural
1st
ō / m
2nd s
3rd

12. Characteristic 1: Person
In Latin, person is shown by personal endings
Person
Singular
Plural
1st
ō / m
2nd s
3rd t

13. Characteristic 1: Person
In Latin, person is shown by personal endings
Person
Singular
Plural
1st
ō / m
mus
2nd s
3rd t

14. Characteristic 1: Person
In Latin, person is shown by personal endings
Person
Singular
Plural
1st
ō / m
mus
2nd s
tis
3rd t

15. Characteristic 1: Person
In Latin, person is shown by personal endings
Person
Singular
Plural
1st
ō / m
mus
2nd s
tis
3rd t nt

16. Characteristic 2: Number
Just like nouns, verbs can be either singular or plural
Number is coded into the personal endings, just like it is coded into case endings for nouns

17. Review
So, just like nouns have case endings, verbs have personal endings
Two important pieces of information are coded into the endings of both nouns & verbs:
Nouns: case and number
Verbs: person and number

18. Characteristic 3: Tense
Tense (<tempus, temporis, n.: time) tells you when the action or state of being of the verb is happening
There are six tenses: present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, future perfect
Present Tense: indicates the verb is happening or being NOW

19. stopped here @ timeline with Sect. 02

20. Characteristics – A Review
Verbs belong to families, called conjugations
there are 4: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th
Verbs have five characteristics: person, number, tense, voice, and mood
Person indicates who the subject of the verb is with reference to the speaker
Tense indicates the time when the action is taking place

21. The Principal Parts of a Latin Verb

22. pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātus: to fight
Dictionary Entry
Most verbs have four principal parts
Dictionary entry = principal parts + definition
pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātus: to fight
Start here with sect. 02 on Weds. (R-1)

23. pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātus: to fight
Dictionary Entry
pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātus: to fight
pugnō – 1st Principal Part
1st SG present tense form (“I fight”)

24. pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātus: to fight
Dictionary Entry
pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātus: to fight
2. pugnāre – 2nd Principal Part
Present Infinitive (“to fight”)
Vowel next to ending –re tells you a verbs conjugation [–ā– = 1st conjugation]
Dropping the –re gives you present stem

25. pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātus: to fight
Dictionary Entry
pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātus: to fight
3-4. pugnāvī, pugnātus– 3rd-4th Principal Parts
don’t worry about these for now
5. to fight – definition/meaning
definition should always be in the infinitive form (to…)

26. Forming the Present Tense
Find the PRESENT STEM
go to the 2nd principal part
drop the –re
Add the PERSONAL ENDINGS
-ō/m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt
exerceāmus:
pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātus: to fight

27. Translating the Present Tense
Latin does not have special forms for progressive or emphatic verbs
So, present tense verbs can be translated from Latin THREE ways:
am/is/are ___________ing (present progressive)
_____________s (simple present)
does/do _____________ (emphatic present)

28. Translating the Present Tense
E.g.: Pugnāmus.
We fight.
We are fighting.
We do fight.