1. PowerPoint Lecture Outlines to accompany
Hole’s Human
Anatomy and Physiology
Tenth Edition
Shier w Butler w Lewis
Chapter 7
7-1
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2. Chapter 7 Skeletal System
Bone Classification
Long Bones
Short Bones
Flat Bones
Irregular Bones
Sesamoid Bones
7-2

3. Bone shape

4. Parts of a Long Bone epiphysis diaphysis compact bone spongy bone
distal
proximal
diaphysis
compact bone
spongy bone
articular cartilage
periosteum
endosteum
medullary cavity
trabeculae
marrow
red
yellow
7-3

5. Compact and Spongy Bone
7-4

6. Microscopic Structure of Compact Bone
osteon
central canal
perforating canal
osteocyte
lacuna
bone matrix
canaliculus
7-5

7. Bone Development Endochondral Ossification
Intramembranous Ossification
bones originate within sheetlike layers of connective tissues
broad, flat bones
skull bones (except mandible)
intramembranous bones
Endochondral Ossification
bones begin as hyaline cartilage
most bones of the skeleton
endochondral bones
7-6

8. Intramembranous ossification

9. Intramembranous Osteogenesis/Development
Mesenchyme( embryonic connective tissue), appear in the sites of future bones, differentiate into osteoblasts( bone forming cells). These cells deposit bony matrix and are surrounded by extra cellular matrix( ECM)( this matric later will give rise to canaliculi). Osteoblasts will be located in lacunae which are now called osteocytes ( bone cells).
Blood vessels will surround bony matrix. Spongy bones forms in different directions along with blood vessels.

12. Endochondral Ossification
hyaline cartilage model
primary ossification center
secondary ossification centers
epiphyseal plate
osteoblasts vs. osteoclasts
7-7

14. Growth at the Epiphyseal Plate
First layer of cells
Zone of resting cartilage
closest to the end of epiphysis
resting cells
anchors epiphyseal plate to epiphysis
Second layer of cells
Zone of proliferating cartilage
many rows of young cells
undergoing mitosis
7-8

15. Growth at the Epiphyseal Plate
Third layer of cells
Zone of hypertrophic cartilage
older cells
left behind when new cells appear
cells enlarging and thickening the epiphyseal plate, starting to becoming calcified
Fourth layer of cells
Zone of calcified cartilage
thin
dead cells
calcified intercellular substance
7-9

17. Homeostasis of Bone Tissue
Bone Resorption – action of osteoclasts and parathyroid hormone
Bone Deposition – action of osteoblasts and calcitonin
7-10

18. Factors Affecting Bone Development, Growth, and Repair
Deficiency of Vitamin A – retards bone development
Deficiency of Vitamin C – results in fragile bones
Deficiency of Vitamin D – rickets, osteomalacia
Insufficient Growth Hormone – dwarfism
Excessive Growth Hormone – gigantism, acromegaly
Insufficient Thyroid Hormone – delays bone growth
Sex Hormones – promote bone formation; stimulate ossification of epiphyseal plates
Physical Stress – stimulates bone growth
7-11

19. Vitamin D

20. Vitamin D formation

21. Role of hormones

22. Role of hormones

23. Bone Function Support and Protection gives shape to head, etc.
supports body’s weight
protects lungs, etc.
Blood Cell Formation
hematopoiesis
red marrow
Inorganic Salt Storage
calcium
phosphate
magnesium
sodium
potassium
Body Movement
interacts with muscles
bones act as rigid bar of a lever
7-12

24. Skeletal Organization
Axial Skeleton
head
neck
trunk
Appendicular Skeleton
upper limbs
lower limbs
pectoral girdle
pelvic girdle
7-15

25. Skeletal Organization
7-16

26. Infantile Skull
Fontanels – fibrous membranes
7-30

27. Vertebral Column cervical vertebrae (7) thoracic vertebrae (12)
lumbar vertebrae (5)
sacrum
coccyx
7-31

28. Life-Span Changes decrease in height at about age 30
calcium levels fall
bones become brittle
osteoclasts outnumber osteoblasts
spongy bone weakens before compact bone
bone loss rapid in menopausal women
hip fractures common
vertebral compression fractures common
7-61

29. The diagram shows the negative feedback mechanism with the involvement of thyroid and parathyroid glands.