1. Chapter 6 review

2. 1. How does language influence culture?
National identities
Creating a standard language
Mutual Intelligibilty
Political conflict
Cultural heritages torn
Example: Belgium (Flanders and Wallonia- Flemish and French)
Dialects
Variants along regional or ethnic lines in vocab, pronunciation, pace…
Isogloss
Geographic boundaries where linguistic features occur
Example: North, South

3. 2. Why and how are languages distributed?
Formation of language
Sound shifts, divergence, convergence, backward reconstruction
Language families
Indo-European Language family is #1
Reflect who controlled the area, who lived there, what cultures and religions were present
Theories of distribution
Still do not know exactly where languages began, but probably around where more people lived and migrated to and from.

4. 3. How do languages diffuse?
Human Interaction
Trade- communication
Migration
Lingua Franca- English
Top 5: Mandarin, Hindi, Spanish, English, Arabic
Print Distribution
Monolingual and multilingual states
Promoting one language over another
Colonialism
Forcing languages on peoples

5. 4. What are the top languages?
1. Mandarin Chinese
2. English
3. Hindi
4. Spanish
5. Russian
6. Arabic
7. Bengali
8. Portuguese
9. Malay-Indonesian
10. French