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Figure 3 Angiotensin signalling in adiporenal crosstalk
Figure 3 | Angiotensin signalling in adiporenal crosstalk. In addition to the liver, adipose tissue produces considerable amounts of angiotensinogen (AGT), which further converts to the active peptide angiotensin II (ANG II). Two types of ANG II receptors exist — type-1 angiotensin II receptors (AT1) and type-2 angiotensin II receptors (AT2) — which are present in both the kidney and adipose tissue and act antagonistically. Activation of AT1 signalling promotes macrophage infiltration in the kidney and adipose tissue and shifts polarization of M2 macrophagestowards a pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype. Thus, ANG II–AT1 signalling accelerates inflammation and ultimately leads to glomerular injury and albuminuria. Moreover, alterations in adipose tissue function in the presence of ANG II, including adipose inflammation and hypertrophy, further exaggerate kidney injury. AT2 antagonizes AT1 signalling. In addition, AT1 signalling is blocked by type-1 angiotensin II receptor-associated protein (ATRAP), which increases internalization and desensitization of AT1. Zhu, Q. & Scherer, P. E. (2017) Immunologic and endocrine functions of adipose tissue: implications for kidney disease Nat. Rev. Nephrol. doi: /nrneph
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