1. Anthropological theories

2. Unilineal Evolutionary
Sir Edward Tylor (1832 – 1917) English
Lewis Henry Morgan (1818 – 1881) American
Progressive Stages

3. Historical Particularism
American response to unilineal evolution and primarily associated with Franz Boas (1858 – 1942).

4. Diffusionism
Cultural change occurs when societies “borrow” cultural traits from one another.

5. Functionalism British Functionalism
Society consists of institutions (or structures, systems) that serve vital purposes for people.
Functionalists not interested in evolution of societies, but relationship among different systems, or structures, and
How these structures serve society or the individual.

6. Structural functionalism –
A.R. Radcliffe-Brown
Societal structures function to maintain harmony in the society

7. Psychological Functionalism
Bronislaw Malinowski
How all elements of a society function to meet the needs of the individual.
Identified three basic types of needs:
1. Biological (food, sex);
2. Instrumental (protection, education, social control) and
3. Integrative (a common worldview).

8. Psychological Anthropology
Culture-and-personality theories
Theorists assume all members of a given society share the same cultural knowledge
“National Character”

9. Cultural Ecology
Importance of the environment and environmental adaptations  that led to change.
Interrelationship among the natural conditions in the environment (rainfall, temperature, soils, etc.) and
Technology
Social organization
Attitudes within a particular culture

10. Cultural Materialism Marvin Harris
Key determinants in sociocultural evolution:
Technology
Environment
Energy
Food
Economy

11. Behavioral Ecology /Evolutionary Ecology
Derived from Sociobiology
Reproductive success of the individual is the overall goal of behavior:
Survival and perpetuation of one’s own genes

12. French Structuralism More psychological or cognitive approach
Claude Levi-Strauss
More psychological or cognitive approach
Focuses on identifying how structure of the mind organizes
Ideas, symbols, and myths into patterns

13. Interpretive/Symbolic Anthropology
Clifford Geertz
Opposite of cultural materialism.
The focus is on nonmaterial aspects of culture such as symbols, values, worldviews, beliefs, motivations, ideas, perceptions, and thoughts