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Biology Notes Nutrient & Energy Cycles Part 2 Pages 74-80
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Standards 2.2 ___ Differentiate among the various forms of energy and recognize that they can be transformed from one form to another ___ Analyze the movement of matter and energy through the biogeochemical cycles including carbon and water ___ Diagram and explain the biogeochemical cycles of an ecosystem, including water, carbon and nitrogen cycles 2.3 2.4
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Essential Question How does the movement of matter and energy through biological systems impact you?
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I. The Recycling of Matter
Matter = anything that occupies _____ and has _____. A. The Structure of Matter 1. Atoms = the basic units of _______ 2. Element = a pure substance that consists entirely of __ type of atom elements cannot be _______ down into simpler substances space mass matter 1 broken
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each element is represented by a _________ symbol
chemical
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Oxygen = ___ Sodium = ___ Chlorine = ___ Sulfur = ___ Hydrogen = ___ Carbon = ___
Potassium = ___ Magnesium = ___ Calcium = ___ Phosphorus = ___ Nitrogen = ___ Iron = ___ K Na Mg Cl Ca S P H N C Fe
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Of the naturally occurring elements, only about 25 are essential to ____.
Of these 25, five ___, ___, ___, ___ and ___ make up 96% of the mass of a human and are essential for life. The rest of the elements are present in very ______ amounts. These elements get into our bodies through _________ life C H O N P small nutrients
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Nutrient = a chemical ___________ that an organism needs to sustain life
nutrients are used to carry out essential life __________ e.g. the essential nutrients include ______________, _________, ______, _________, ________, and _______ compound functions grow, develop, maintain homeostasis carbohydrates proteins lipids vitamins minerals water
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What happens to our 5 essential elements once they LEAVE the body?
Biogeochemical cycle = process in which elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of _________ are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the __________ to another the C, H, O, N, P found in food and living organisms is constantly being __________ nutrients biosphere recycled
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law of conservation of mass / matter = mass and matter can neither be ________ nor destroyed but may be _____________ created transformed
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A. The Water Cycle: Recycling ___ and ___
Water Cycle = the movement of water between the Earth’s _________ and its ____________ Driven by the ____ H O surface atmosphere sun
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Water Cycle Diagram:
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processes that put water FROM the earth’s surface TO the atmosphere:
processes that put water TO the earth’s surface from the atmosphere: Aquifer = groundwater that accumulates to from large _____ underground transpiration, respiration, evaporation, excretion, decomposition precipitation (snow, rain, hail, sleet) lakes Transpiration = evaporation of water from a plant’s _______ leaves
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Photosynthesis = plants taking in ______ as part of the process that transforms solar energy into _________ energy (food) 6CO2 + 6H2O → 6O2 + C6H12O6 Respiration = “_________ out” as part of the process that breaks down _____ for energy 6O2 + C6H12O6 → 6CO2 + 6H2O water chemical breathing food
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Water enters plants through their ______
(to be used in photosynthesis) water exits plants through ____________ or ___________ Water enters animals through _____ or _____ water exits animals through ___________, _________, or ______________ roots transpiration respiration food drink respiration excretion decomposition
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B. The Carbon Cycle: Recycling ___ and ___
Carbon cycle = the movement of carbon between the Earth’s _______ and its ____________ Partially driven by the ____ and partially driven by ________ activity or spontaneous events like the _________ of volcanoes C O surface atmosphere sun human eruption
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Carbon Cycle Diagram:
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processes that put carbon FROM the earth’s surface TO the atmosphere:
processes that put carbon TO the earth’s surface FROM the atmosphere: Would we be able to live without plants? respiration, combustion, burning organic debris, volcanic eruptions photosynthesis NO
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Fossil fuels like ____ and ______ are formed when organisms ____, are buried with very little ________ over a long period of _____ combustion = the burning of ______ fuels e.g. oil coal die oxygen time fossil engines
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C. The Nitrogen Cycle: Recycling ___
Nitrogen cycle = the movement of nitrogen between the Earth’s _______ and its atmosphere Nitrogen gas makes up _____ of the Earth’s atmosphere N surface 78%
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Nitrogen Cycle Diagram:
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Driven by 3 types of ________:
nitrogen fixation = when bacteria that lives in the ______ of legumes convert _________ gas into ammonia (____) legume = the ______ and _____ family nitrification = when bacteria that lives in the _____ converts ammonia (____) into nitrates (__________) bacteria roots NH3 nitrogen bean pea NH3 soil NO2 / NO3
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the usable form of nitrogen for plants is _________________
plants can turn the ________ into _______ acids which are used to form __________ ammonification = the process by which animals and plants turn _________ in food into _______________ nitrates (NO2 / NO3) nitrates amino proteins proteins ammonia (NH3)
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denitrification = when bacteria that live in the _____ converts _________ from animal and plant waste into _____________ gas and releases it to the Earth’s atmosphere soil ammonia nitrogen (N2)
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D. The Phosphorus Cycle: Recycling ___
Phosphorus cycle = the movement of ___________ between living organisms and the Earth’s ________ Phosphorus is essential for the body to build ______ Phosphorus is not found in the Earth’s ____________ but exists mainly on land in _______ and _____ and in the ocean as part of _________ P phosphorus surface DNA atmosphere rocks soil sediment
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Phosphorus Cycle Diagram:
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II. Nutrient Limitation
Nutrients recycle through the ecosystem but what happens if we run out of usable forms of nutrients? Primary Productivity = the rate at which __________ make usable organic matter for ____________ e.g. producers consumption apples / year
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Limiting Nutrient = when an ecosystem is _______ by a single nutrient that is _______ or cycles very _______ this does not allow producers to make enough ________ matter for consumers and thus ________ the primary productivity oftentimes, the limiting nutrient is ________ or ___________ (both are need and often found in larger amounts in ________) limited scarce slowly organic controls nitrogen phosphorus fertilizers
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What happens if there is an overabundance of a former limiting nutrient?
Producers will grow in ____________ at a very fast ____ and overall usable matter will _________ Sometimes this can negatively disrupt the delicate balance of ____ in the ecosystem productivity rate increase life
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results in choking other __________ and wildlife because the
algal blooms = an immediate increase in the amount of ______ from a large input of a limiting ________ usually caused by run-off of ________ from fertilizers results in choking other __________ and wildlife because the algae blocks gas exchange algae nutrient nitrogen organisms
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