1. The International Linear Collider
Barry Barish
ANL Colloquium
3-Jan-06

2. Particle Physics Inquiry Based Science
Are there undiscovered principles of nature:
New symmetries, new physical laws?
How can we solve the mystery of dark energy?
Are there extra dimensions of space?
Do all the forces become one?
Why are there so many kinds of particles?
What is dark matter?
How can we make it in the laboratory?
What are neutrinos telling us?
How did the universe come to be?
What happened to the antimatter?
from the Quantum Universe
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

3. Answering the Questions Three Complementary Probes
Neutrinos as a Probe
Particle physics and astrophysics using a weakly interacting probe
High Energy Proton Proton Colliders
Opening up a new energy frontier ( ~ 1 TeV scale)
High Energy Electron Positron Colliders
Precision Physics at the new energy frontier
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

4. Neutrinos – Many Questions
Why are neutrino masses so small ?
Are the neutrinos their own antiparticles?
What is the separation and ordering of the masses of the neutrinos?
Neutrinos contribution to the dark matter?
CP violation in neutrinos, leptogenesis, possible role in the early universe and in understanding the particle antiparticle asymmetry in nature?
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

5. ANL Director's Colloquium
Neutrinos – The Future
Long baseline neutrino experiments – Create neutrinos at an accelerator or reactor and study at long distance when they have oscillated from one type to another.
MINOS
Opera
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

6. Why a TeV Scale e+e- Accelerator?
Two parallel developments over the past few years (the science & the technology)
The precision information from LEP and other data have pointed to a low mass Higgs; Understanding electroweak symmetry breaking, whether supersymmetry or an alternative, will require precision measurements.
There are strong arguments for the complementarity between a ~ TeV ILC and the LHC science.
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

7. ANL Director's Colloquium
Electroweak Precision Measurements
What causes mass??
The mechanism – Higgs or alternative appears around the corner
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

8. CERN – Geneva Switzerland ANL Director's Colloquium
Accelerators and the Energy Frontier
Large Hadron Collider
CERN – Geneva Switzerland
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

9. LHC and the Energy Frontier Source of Particle Mass
Discover the Higgs
The Higgs Field
Source of mass to all other particles
The Higgs Field
LEP
fb-1
FNAL
or variants or ???
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

10. LHC and the Energy Frontier A New Force in Nature
Discover a new heavy particle, Z’
Can show by measuring the couplings with the ILC how it relates to other particles and forces
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

11. This led to higher energy machines: Electron-Positron Colliders
Bruno Touschek built the first successful electron-positron collider at Frascati, Italy (1960)
Eventually, went up to 3 GeV
ADA
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

12. But, not quite high enough energy ….
3.1 GeV
Burt Richter
Nobel Prize
and
Discovery Of
Charm
Particles
SPEAR at SLAC
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

13. ANL Director's Colloquium
The rich history for e+e- continued as
higher energies were achieved …
DESY PETRA Collider
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

14. Electron Positron Colliders The Energy Frontier
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

15. ANL Director's Colloquium
Why e+e- Collisions ?
elementary particles
well-defined
energy,
angular momentum
uses full COM energy
produces particles democratically
can mostly fully reconstruct events
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

16. ANL Director's Colloquium
How do you know you have discovered the Higgs ?
Measure the quantum numbers. The Higgs must have spin zero !
The linear collider will measure the spin of any Higgs it can produce by measuring the energy dependence from threshold
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

17. What can we learn from the Higgs?
Precision measurements of Higgs coupling can reveal extra dimensions in nature
Straight blue line gives the standard model predictions.
Range of predictions in models with extra dimensions -- yellow band, (at most 30% below the Standard Model
The red error bars indicate the level of precision attainable at the ILC for each particle
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

18. ANL Director's Colloquium
Direct production from extra dimensions ?
Linear collider
New space-time dimensions can be mapped by studying the emission of gravitons into the extra dimensions, together with a photon or jets emitted into the normal dimensions.
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

19. ANL Director's Colloquium
Is There a New Symmetry in Nature? Supersymmetry
Bosons
Fermions
Virtues of Supersymmetry:
Unification of Forces
The Hierarchy Problem
Dark Matter …
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

20. ANL Director's Colloquium
Parameters for the ILC
Ecm adjustable from 200 – 500 GeV
Luminosity  ∫Ldt = 500 fb-1 in 4 years
Ability to scan between 200 and 500 GeV
Energy stability and precision below 0.1%
Electron polarization of at least 80%
The machine must be upgradeable to 1 TeV
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

21. A TeV Scale e+e- Accelerator?
Two parallel developments over the past few years (the science & the technology)
Two alternate designs -- “warm” and “cold” had come to the stage where the show stoppers had been eliminated and the concepts were well understood.
A major step toward a new international machine requires uniting behind one technology, and then make a unified global design based on the recommended technology.
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

22. ANL Director's Colloquium
The JLC-X and NLC essentially a unified single design with common parameters
The main linacs based on 11.4 GHz, room temperature copper technology.
GLC
GLC/NLC Concept
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

23. ANL Director's Colloquium
TESLA Concept
The main linacs based on 1.3 GHz superconducting technology operating at 2 K.
The cryoplant, is of a size comparable to that of the LHC, consisting of seven subsystems strung along the machines every 5 km.
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

24. ANL Director's Colloquium
Drive Beam
CLIC Concept
The main linac rf
power is produced by decelerating a high-current (150 A) low-energy (2.1 GeV) drive beam
Nominal accelerating gradient of 150 MV/m
GOAL
Proof of concept ~2010
Main Accelerator
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

25. SCRF Technology Recommendation
The recommendation of ITRP was presented to ILCSC & ICFA on August 19, 2004 in a joint meeting in Beijing.
ICFA unanimously endorsed the ITRP’s recommendation on August 20, 2004
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

26. The ITRP Recommendation
We recommend that the linear collider be based on superconducting rf technology
This recommendation is made with the understanding that we are recommending a technology, not a design. We expect the final design to be developed by a team drawn from the combined warm and cold linear collider communities, taking full advantage of the experience and expertise of both (from the Executive Summary).
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

27. ANL Director's Colloquium
The Community Self-Organized
Nov 13-15, 2004
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

28. Global Design Effort (GDE)
February 2005, at TRIUMF, ILCSC and ICFA unanimously endorsed the search committee choice for GDE Director
On March 18, 2005
Barry Barish
officially accepted
the position at
the opening of
LCWS 05 meeting
at Stanford
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

29. ANL Director's Colloquium
Global Design Effort
The Mission of the GDE
Produce a design for the ILC that includes a detailed design concept, performance assessments, reliable international costing, an industrialization plan , siting analysis, as well as detector concepts and scope.
Coordinate worldwide prioritized proposal driven R & D efforts (to demonstrate and improve the performance, reduce the costs, attain the required reliability, etc.)
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

30. The GDE Plan and Schedule
CLIC
Global Design Effort
Project
LHC
Physics
Baseline configuration
Reference Design
Technical Design
ILC R&D Program
Expression of Interest to Host
International Mgmt

31. 670 Scientists attended two week workshop ANL Director's Colloquium
GDE Begins at Snowmass
670 Scientists attended two week workshop at
Snowmass
GDE Members
Americas 22
Europe
Asia
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

32. ANL Director's Colloquium
Designing a Linear Collider
Superconducting RF
Main Linac
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

33. GDE Organization for Snowmass
WG1 LET bdyn.
WG2 Main Linac
WG3a Sources
WG3b DR
WG4 BDS
WG5 Cavity
Technical sub-system
Working Groups
Provide input
Global Group
GG1 Parameters
GG2 Instrumentation
GG3 Operations & Reliability
GG4 Cost & Engineering
GG5 Conventional Facilities
GG6 Physics Options
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

34. ANL Director's Colloquium
Specific Machine Realizations
rf bands:
L-band (TESLA) GHz l = 3.7 cm
S-band (SLAC linac) GHz 1.7 cm
C-band (JLC-C) GHz cm
X-band (NLC/GLC) GHz cm
(CLIC) GHz 0.2 cm
Accelerating structure size is dictated by wavelength of the rf accelerating wave. Wakefields related to structure size; thus so is the difficulty in controlling emittance growth and final luminosity.
Bunch spacing, train length related to rf frequency
Damping ring design depends on bunch length, hence frequency
RF Bands
Frequency dictates many of the design issues for LC
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

35. ANL Director's Colloquium
Design Approach
Create a baseline configuration for the machine
Document a concept for ILC machine with a complete layout, parameters etc. defined by the end of 2005
Make forward looking choices, consistent with attaining performance goals, and understood well enough to do a conceptual design and reliable costing by end of 2006.
Technical and cost considerations will be an integral part in making these choices.
Baseline will be put under “configuration control,” with a defined process for changes to the baseline.
A reference design will be carried out in I am proposing we use a “parametric” design and costing approach.
Technical performance and physics performance will be evaluated for the reference design
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

36. ANL Director's Colloquium
The Key Decisions
Critical choices: luminosity parameters & gradient
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

37. Making Choices – The Tradeoffs
Many decisions are interrelated and require input from several WG/GG groups
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

38. ILC Baseline Configuration
Configuration for 500 GeV machine with expandability to 1 TeV
Some details – locations of low energy acceleration; crossing angles are not indicated in this cartoon.
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

39. Cost Breakdown by Subsystem
Civil
SCRF Linac
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

40. Approach to ILC R&D Program
Proposal-driven R&D in support of the baseline design.
Technical developments, demonstration experiments, industrialization, etc.
Proposal-driven R&D in support of alternatives to the baseline
Proposals for potential improvements to the baseline, resources required, time scale, etc.
Develop a prioritized DETECTOR R&D program aimed at technical developments needed to reach combined design performance goals
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

41. TESLA Cavity ~1m 9-cell 1.3GHz Niobium Cavity
Reference design: has not been modified in 10 years
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

42. How Costs Scale with Gradient?
35MV/m is close to optimum
Japanese are still pushing for 40-45MV/m
30 MV/m would give safety margin
Relative Cost
Gradient MV/m
C. Adolphsen (SLAC)
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

43. Superconducting RF Cavities
High Gradient Accelerator
35 MV/meter km linear collider
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

44. Improved Cavity Shapes
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

45. ANL Director's Colloquium
Improved Fabrication
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

46. Improved Processing Electropolishing
Chemical Polish
Electro Polish
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

47. ANL Director's Colloquium
Electro-polishing
(Improve surface quality -- pioneering work done at KEK)
BCP EP
Several single cell cavities at g > 40 MV/m
4 nine-cell cavities at ~35 MV/m, one at 40 MV/m
Theoretical Limit 50 MV/m
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

48. ANL Director's Colloquium
Gradient
Results from KEK-DESY collaboration
must reduce spread (need more statistics)
single-cell measurements (in nine-cell cavities)
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

49. ANL Director's Colloquium
Baseline Gradient
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

50. Large Grain Single Crystal Nb Material
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

51. The Main Linac Configuration
Klystron – 10 MW (alternative sheet beam klystron)
RF Configuration – 3 Cryomodules, each with 8 cavities
Quads – one every 24 cavities is enough
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

52. Other Features of the Baseline
Electron Source – Conventional Source using a DC gun
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

53. Other Features of the Baseline
Positron Source – Helical Undulator with Polarized beams
Primary e-
source e- DR
Target e- Dump
Photon Beam Dump e+
Auxiliary e- Source
Photon Collimators
Adiabatic Matching Device
e+ pre-accelerator ~5GeV
150 GeV
100 GeV
Helical
Undulator
In By-Pass
Line
Photon
Target
250 GeV
Positron Linac IP
Beam Delivery System
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

54. ANL Director's Colloquium
Damping Ring Options
3 or 6 km rings can be built in independent tunnels
“dogbone” straight sections share linac tunnel
3 Km
6 Km
Two or more rings can be stacked in a single tunnel
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

55. ILC Siting and Conventional Facilities
The design is intimately tied to the features of the site
1 tunnels or 2 tunnels?
Deep or shallow?
Laser straight linac or follow earth’s curvature in segments?
GDE ILC Design will be done to samples sites in the three regions
North American sample site will be near Fermilab
Japan and Europe are to determine sample sites by the end of 2005
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

56. ANL Director's Colloquium
1 vs 2 Tunnels
Tunnel must contain
Linac Cryomodule
RF system
Damping Ring Lines
Save maybe $0.5B
Issues
Maintenance
Safety
Duty Cycle
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

57. Possible Tunnel Configurations
One tunnel of two, with variants ??
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

58. ANL Director's Colloquium
Americas Sample Site
Design to “sample sites” from each region
Americas – near Fermilab
Japan
Europe – CERN & DESY
Illinois Site – depth 135m
Glacially derived deposits overlaying Bedrock. The concerned rock layers are from top to bottom the Silurian dolomite, Maquoketa dolomitic shale, and the Galena-Platteville dolomites.
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

59. ANL Director's Colloquium
Parametric Approach
A working space - optimize machine for cost/performance
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

60. Beam Detector Interface
Tauchi
LCWS05
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

61. ANL Director's Colloquium
ACFA Joint Linear Collider
Physics and Detector Working Group
“Our task is to continue studies on physics at the linear collider more precisely and more profoundly, taking into account progresses in our field, as well as on developments of detector technologies best suited for the linear collider experiment. As we know from past experiences, this will be enormously important to realize the linear collider.”
Akiya Miyamoto
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

62. Accelerator Physics Challenges
Develop High Gradient Superconducting RF systems
Requires efficient RF systems, capable of accelerating high power beams (~MW) with small beam spots(~nm).
Achieving nm scale beam spots
Requires generating high intensity beams of electrons and positrons
Damping the beams to ultra-low emittance in damping rings
Transporting the beams to the collision point without significant emittance growth or uncontrolled beam jitter
Cleanly dumping the used beams.
Reaching Luminosity Requirements
Designs satisfy the luminosity goals in simulations
A number of challenging problems in accelerator physics and technology must be solved, however.
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

63. ANL Director's Colloquium
Test Facility at KEK
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

64. ANL Director's Colloquium
Test Facility at SLAC
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

65. ANL Director's Colloquium
TESLA Test Facility Linac - DESY
laser driven electron gun
photon beam diagnostics
undulator
bunch compressor
superconducting accelerator modules
pre-accelerator
e- beam diagnostics
240 MeV
120 MeV
16 MeV
4 MeV
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

66. Fermilab ILC SCRF Program
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium

67. International Linear Collider Timeline
Global Design Effort
Project
Baseline configuration
Reference Design
Technical Design
ILC R&D Program
Expression of Interest to Host
International Mgmt

68. ANL Director's Colloquium
Conclusions
We have determined a number of very fundamental physics questions to answer, like ….
What determines mass?
What is the dark matter?
Are there new symmetries in nature?
What explains the baryon asymmetry?
Are the forces of nature unified
We are developing the tools to answer these questions and discover new ones
Neutrino Physics
Large Hadron Collider
International Linear Collider
The next era of particle physics will be very exciting
3-Jan-06
ANL Director's Colloquium