1. Core and frame model of the CBD?
Use Google maps to complete the TO DO on p302 of the course companion

2. Learning objectives: To analyse the causes and effects of movements of socio economic groups since the 1980s
Key terms:
Redevelopment
Rebranding
Urban renewal
Urban decay
Gentrification
Marginalisation

3. Suggest reasons for these changes.
Causes of
movements
Since 1980?
Describe the trend
Suggest reasons for these changes.

5. What changes are occurring in the inner city?
Gentrification- people moving back into the inner city as previously industrial buildings are converted into residential property- e.g. the London Docklands…

6. Growth of FOOTLOOSE INDUSTRIES- there has been a move away from manufacturing (secondary industry) towards service based employment (tertiary industry).
These are said to be “footloose” as they can locate anywhere outside cities that has good transport and communication links.
The UK has many ‘science parks’, build on the urban periphery…

7. The M4 Corridor Sketch a map of the M4 corridor in the UK
15 mins
Sketch a map of the M4 corridor in the UK
Identify major railways, stations, airports, universities towns and cities.
Annotate to explain why many footloose industries have located here.

11. Urban renewal – The London Docklands
Historical land uses
How was the area regenerated?
Causes of decline
What were the positive impacts?
Urban deprivation
What where the limitations?

12. Royal Victoria Docks opened: 1855 Other docks included
St Katherine's Docks,
Surrey Docks,
West India Docks
Millwall Docks
East India Docks
Royal Docks and Tilbury Docks.
Over the period the Royal Docks were relatively prosperous.
Dealt with shipment of bulk cargos from ship to rail, to road and lighter transport or into warehouses for storage.
Most of the cargo passing through the dock was from trade with the British Commonwealth.

13. Causes of decline:
Goods can be transported by air
“containerisation” – less ships were needed
New, larger ships could not reach the docks
Manufacturing industry moved to cheaper locations within the UK

14. Vicious Circle of Poverty
Decline of the Docklands
High unemployment
How are the statements below connected?
Draw a diagram to show these connections.
Vicious Circle of Poverty
The local council invests less in housing, roads and education.
People have less money to spend on goods and services.
Young people leave school with fewer qualifications.
Less taxes and business rates are paid to the local council.
High unemployment
Petty crime often increases.
People have more time and less money and opportunities.

15. Docklands before the LDDC
1970– ,000 jobs lost
% of Docklands derelict (over 1000 hectares)
unemployment 21%, male unemployment was 24%, twice the national average
one third housing unsatisfactory for human habitation
inadequate infrastructure of roads, rail, telephone and cable lines (the Docklands was kept deliberately inaccessible to protect the goods that were being stored).

16. London Docklands Development Corporation (1981-1998)
Aims of the London Docklands Development Corporation (LDDC)
1. To economically regenerate the area by primarily attracting private investment.
2. To physically regenerate the environment of the Docklands to aid the above.
3. To improve the living conditions and prospects of the community of the Docklands.

17. Between 1961 and 1971, almost 83,000 jobs were lost in the five boroughs in the Docklands area
(Greenwich, Lewisham, Newham, Tower Hamlets and Southwark).
Challenges for redevelopment:
Regeneration on a large scale
Large proportion of council owned housing
High Unemployment
Contaminated land

18. LDDC areas – Wapping, Surrey Quays, Isle of Dogs, Royal Docks
Tower Hamlets
Newham
Canary Wharf
Royal Docks
Surrey Quays
Wapping
Enterprise Zone
Isle of Dogs
Southwark
Greenwich

19. Environmental change Achievements
The creation of an attractive environment was an essential part of the LDDC brief.
1) Derelict land and docks were regenerated.
By 1988, 600 hectares were reclaimed.
2) Parks and river/dock side paths were developed.
3) Old houses were improved and new houses were built.
4) £300 million was spent on improving utilities.
Millwall Docks
Before the 1980s McDougall’s flour was processed here!

20. The London Docklands – local community
The LDDC did partly respond to the criticism that there was a mis-match of skills between the established docklands population and the jobs created. In the late 1980s the LDDC sponsored various training projects to improve the qualifications of the population. The LDDC spent £30 million on community and environmental projects.
80 Groups share more than £1million in LDDC grants
Activities backed by the grants include education and training, childcare, youth work, sport, the arts and support for the homeless and work with ethnic minorities.
‘We are delighted the Corporation is able to carry on supporting the local community’.
Bob Pringle, LDDC Executive Director of Community Infrastructure.
Autumn 1995

21. The London Docklands – transport improvements
Docklands Light Railway (DLR)
The DLR opened It cost £73 million. This railway now operates a full service. However, in the late 1980s, the DLR service stopped in the evenings and had a limited service at weekends.
Why did many local residents complain that the DLR wasn’t built for them?
Why was it important for the LDDC to improve the transport in order to attract new businesses to the Docklands?

22. The London Docklands – transport improvements
London City Airport
(STOLPORT…short take-off and landing) opened in It is situated in the Royal Docks.

23. The London Docklands – transport improvements
Roads – The Limehouse Link
The Limehouse Link, which cost £450 million, was built to connect the Docklands to Central London. However, some communities were disrupted during its construction. For example, in 1990, some of the housing in Ropemakers’ Fields, Limehouse was knocked down by the construction of the Limehouse Link Tunnel.
Bridges
The LDDC constructed bridges across the docks to improve accessibility.
West India Dock

24. The London Docklands – transport improvements
The Jubilee line extension was proposed. However, the line was subject to delays and was finished in 2000.
Stratford
West Ham
Canary
Wharf
Canning
Town
Southwark
Green Park
Canada Water
Waterloo
London Bridge
Greenwich
Point
Jubilee Line
Westminster
Bermondsey

25. The London Docklands – business
Canary Wharf, only three miles from The City, was conceived in the 1980s as a solution to rising rents in central London. The LDDC job was to attract private investment by improving the environment and infrastructure of the area. In the 1980s, the LDDC attracted £10 of private investment for every £1 they spent.
Cabot Square in Canary Wharf

26. Enterprise Zone ( )
Many of the newspaper companies, moved from Central London to the Isle of Dogs in the 1980s.
West India Docks
The Enterprise Zone was set up on the Isle of Dogs to attract new business investment. Companies that moved to the Enterprise Zone were entitled to 10 years’ rate free and a fast track planning procedure.
What impact did this migration of companies have on parts of Central London?
Millwall Docks
Enterprise Zone
approximate area

27. View from One Canada Square towards The City
The London Docklands – business
In Canary Wharf, the 5.9 million square feet of office and retail space are now leased. 28,000 people worked in the whole of London Docklands in 2000 and it is estimated that by 2005 Canary Wharf alone will have 100,000 workers.
However, much of the office space in Canary Wharf remained empty until the late 1990s. The completion of the Jubilee Line in 2000 has certainly encouraged new investment in the area.
View from One Canada Square towards The City