1. DIRECTION AND DISTANCE1

2. EXPRESSING DIRECTION IN A CONVENTIONAL MANNER
Use 16 direction rose
Assume position of observer
Determine the direction

3. A E G D o C F B

4. E A G D o C F B

5. F B C o D G A E

6. DIRECTION AS BEARING

7. When direction expressed as an angle,
It is also known as
Bearing
Azimuth
Forward Bearing (FB)

8. FINDING THE BEARING IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS All eastings point north
North is 0˚
Bearing would be between 0˚ and 360˚

9. FINDING THE BEARING STEPS Draw a line passing through both points
Draw an arrow pointing towards the place whose direction is asked
Measure the clockwise angle that this line makes with any easting

13. FORWARD BEARING = 47°

15. FORWARD BEARING = 123°

17. FORWARD BEARING = 311°

18. BACKWARD BEARING (meaning)
If bearing of B from A is Forward Bearing (FB),
Bearing of A from B is Backward Bearing (BB) A N B A N B

19. BACKWARD BEARING (formula)
If FB < 180, BB = FB + 180
If FB > 180, BB = FB – 180
If FB = 43°, BB = 223°
If FB = 122°, BB = 302°
If FB = 196°, BB = 16°
If FB = 322°, BB = 142°

20. DISTANCE

21. DISTANCE - TYPES Direct Distance Indirect Distance
Straight line (As the Crow Flies) distance
Indirect Distance
Along a path
Road
Cart Track
River
Canal

22. FINDING DIRECT DISTANCE
Measure the distance between the centre of the two places in cm
Convert distance in km (or metres)
(Use the scale, i.e.; 2cm = 1 km)
Round off to nearest 0.25 km (250 metres)

23. DIRECT DISTANCE
INDIRECT DISTANCE

24. FINDING INDIRECT DISTANCE
Place a string along the path between the centre of the two places
Measure the length of the string in cm
Convert distance in km (or metres)
(Use the scale, i.e.; 2cm = 1 km)
Round off to nearest 0.25 km (250 metres)

25. Exercise for finding indirect distance