1. In: What are INTRONS and EXONS again?
Gene Regulation
In: What are INTRONS and EXONS again?

2. What – How – Why?
What: Explain how most eukaryotic genes are regulated. 2.8d RWC -3.2f/g, 4d
How: DOL: Given an original DNA strand as well as a list of vocabulary words, describe each step of the process of protein synthesis, beginning with the original DNA strand and ending with the production of a protein.
Why? Why would we want to regulate some genes? Can you give examples of when we would/wouldn’t want genes?

3. 1. Sections of DNA which code for proteins.
2. Sections of DNA which don’t code for proteins.

4. Proteins
The primary function of DNA is to provide the blueprints for proteins.
What is the name of the process when DNA is read?
Transposing
Transcription
Translation
Transylvania
What is the name of the process when protein is made?
Transposing
Transcription
Translation
Transylvania

5. Ok, what is the purpose of…
Transcription?
1. make DNA make RNA 3. make proteins
Translation?
What is the product of both processes together?

6. Let’s say that your body is making the protein responsible for generating lactase in your body!!
What does lactase do for you?
1. Breaks down proteins.
2. Breaks down glucose (sugar)
3. Breaks down milk sugar (lactose)
How does lactose get made in your body?
1. Transcription 2. Translation 3. Both

7. Some quick terminology and a picture 
An operon: a group of genes operating together to code for a specific protein.
DNA Strand
“start”
DNA code for making the protein lactase!!
“stop”
Operon
“group of genes”

8. Small scale transcription process!
RNA Polymerase
mRNA
1. RNA Polymerase binds at “start” codon.
2. Moves along the operon, generating compimentary mRNA strand for lactase.
3. Stops at “stop” codon.

9. Now out to the cytoplasm and the ribosome!!
4. mRNA moves out of nucleus into cytoplasm at ribosome.
5. Ribosome matches tRNA anticodons with mRNA codons for lactase.
6. Amino acids bind together to make the protein lactase!
tRNA
mRNA code for lactase
Polypeptide protein lactase
Ribosome

10. Ok, play it out on the table.
You have your nitrogen base playing cards.
3 bases (cards) together makes a(n)
1. nucleotide 2. gene 3. operon
3 codons together make a

11. You have a Ribosome, an RNA Polymerase and a product protein.
Generate this operon of bases
TAC ATT TAG – (compliment to our desired protein)
Use your cards, ribosome, RNA Polymerase and product protein to “act out” and write the steps to produce your desired protein.

12. Rapid Fire Review!! 3 grouped codons? Genes working together?
1. operon 2. intron 3. exon
Genes working together?
Start codon?
1. AUG 2. TAC 3. TTA
Bonds between nitrogen bases?
1. Phosphate bonds 2. Hydrogen bonds
Bonds between amino acids?
1. hydrogen bonds 2. polypeptide bonds
Carried by tRNA to the ribosome?
1. anticodons 2. codons 3. polypeptides

13. What – How – Why?
What: Explain how most eukaryotic genes are regulated. 2.8d RWC -3.2f/g, 4d
How: DOL: Given an original DNA strand as well as a list of vocabulary words, describe each step of the process of protein synthesis, beginning with the original DNA strand and ending with the production of a protein.
Why? Why would we want to regulate some genes? Can you give examples of when we would/wouldn’t want genes?

14. Original DNA Strand: TCA ACT TGG GTC AAT TGG
RNA polymerase
hydrogen bonds
mRNA
Codons
Introns
exons
Nucleus
DNA splicing
tRNA
Anticodons
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
amino acids
Polypeptide
proteins

15. Genetic code:

16. Reading the genetic code
The genetic code is responsible for building all the proteins in the body using 20 different amino acids.
How many 3 letter words can you make from the letters A,T,G and C?
Answer: 64

17. Codons
A three letter “word” that specifies an amino acid.

18. Codons
The structure that holds the tRNA and mRNA as they work is the ribosomal RNA
Every three letters on the mRNA strand is called a codon
Each codon matches up with its own tRNA and codes for a specific amino acid.

19. Mutations

20. Frameshift Mutation
Inserting an extra nucleotide which, in turn, shifts the entire sequence one way or the other.

21. Chromosomal mutations
Involves a change in the number or structure of the chromosomes.
Deletion : when a piece of a chromosome breaks off and is lost.
Duplication : when a segment of a chromosome is repeated
Inversion : when a segment of a chromosome is reversed.

22. More chromosomal mutations
Translocation : when part of a chromosome breaks off and is attached to a non-homologous chromosome.

23. Control of gene expression
Genes are often like light switches that can be turned off and on.
Operon = occur in prokaryotes. (bacteria) different genes that work together to activate gene functions

24. Eukaryotic gene expression
Controlled by complex sequences of DNA.
Example: “TATA box”

25. Factors:
Overall gene control is more difficult for eukaryotes because functional genes may be on different chromosomes.
Environmental such as chemicals and temperature.

26. Hox and Oncogenes Hox genes
Genes that actively control embryonic development.
Oncogenes
Genes known to cause cancer.
Usually these are switched “off”, but can be switched “on” by a number of factors.