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Reform and Abolition Chapter 12 Notes
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Hudson River School Intent: To capture the power of nature by painting some of the wildest, most dramatic natural scenes in the US. Named because the artists initially painted the mountains around the Hudson River Valley – they considered nature the best source of “wisdom and spiritual fulfillment”. Later, the artists painted western areas like Yosemite, the Rocky Mountains and Yellowstone. Artists: 1. Albert Bierstadt 2. Thomas Moran Thomas Moran Albert Bierstadt
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Romanticism Intent: To produce truly American literature that celebrated the American spirit, the independent individual and the natural goodness of man. The Romantic writers celebrated American democracy and sought to unleash human emotion. Writers: 1. James Fenimore Cooper 4. Edgar Allen Poe 2. Walt Whitman 3. Herman Melville Walt Whitman Herman Melville
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Utopian Societies Groups Included: 1. Brook Farm 4. Oneidans
2. New Harmony 5. Mormons 3. Shakers These communities focused on issues such as : - gender equality - women’s rights - education - prohibition - pacifism - abolition Woods around where the utopian community Brook Farm was built in Massachusetts
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Transcendentalists Intent: Believed that every person’s goal should be freedom from traditional types of “understanding” in order to transcend the material world in order to allow the exploration of emotions. Thought that by getting closer to nature a person could realize the truth within their own souls. Authors: 1. Ralph Waldo Emerson 2. Henry David Thoreau 3. Margaret Fuller Henry David Thoreau’s cabin at Walden Pond, Massachusetts, where he wrote his most famous book, Walden (1854).
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