1. California Standard and Learning Objectives
Chapter 6
California Standard and Learning Objectives
S 7.2 A typical cell of any organism contains genetic instructions that specify its traits. Those traits may be modified by environmental influences. As a basis for understanding this concept:
Students know sexual reproduction produces offspring that inherit half their genes from each parent.
Students know an inherited trait can be determined by one or more genes.
Students know plant and animal cells contain many thousands of different genes and typically have two copies of every gene. The two copies (or alleles) of the gene may or may not be identical, and one may be dominant in determining the phenotype while the other is recessive.
Students know DNA is the genetic material of living organisms and is locate in the chromosomes of each cell.

2. Some of the genes with multiple alleles?
BLOOD TYPE
Skin color in humans
Hair colr
(page 194)

3. Three or more forms of a gene that code for a single trait is the definition of __________?
Multiple Alleles

4. Traits controlled by many genes?
Genes act together as a group to produce a single trait. At least four genes control height in humans, so there are many possible combinations of genes and alleles.
(Height of an individual can also be affected by environmental factors )
Skin, eye color, and hair color are other human traits that are controlled by multiple genes. (page 194)

5. Combinations of sex chromosomes to result in a male human being and a female human being.
XX - Female human being
XY – Male human being

6. Carrier
A carrier is a person who has one recessive allele for a trait and a dominant allele. A carrier of a trait controlled by a recessive allele does not have the trait. However, the carrier can pass the recessive allele on to their offspring. In this case sex-linked traits, only females can be carriers. (Page 197)

7. Inheritance of Fingerprints
Each individual human being has unique fingerprints. Patterns of fingerprints are determined by multiple genes.

8. COLOR BLINDNESS
Color blindness is a trait controlled be a recessive allele on the X chromosome. Many more males than females have red-green colorblindness. (page 197)

9. Genetic Disorders
Some genetic disorders are caused by changes in the DNA of genes. Other disorders are caused by changes in the overall structure or number of chromosomes. (page 200)
Common genetic disorders include cystic fibrosis, sickle-cell disease, hemophilia, and Down syndrome.

10. Pedigree
A pedigree is one important tool that geneticists use to trace the inheritance of traits in humans.
A pedigree is a chart or “family tree” that tracks which members of a family have a particular trait.
(page 201)

11. Karyotype
A karyotype is a picture of all the chromosomes in a cell. The chromosomes in a karyotype are arranged in pairs. A karyotype can reveal whether a person has a correct number of chromosomes in his or her cells.
(page 202)

12. Genetic Engineering
Genetic Engineering the transfer of a gene from the DNA of one organism into another organism in order to produce an organism with desire traits.

13. Selective Breeding
Selective Breeding, cloning, and genetic engineering are three methods for developing organisms with desirable traits. (page 206)
Selective breeding is the process of selecting organisms with desired traits to be parents of the next generation.
Inbreeding is the technique that involves crossing two individuals that have similar characteristics.
Hybridization is when breeders cross two genetically different plants or individuals. The hybrid organism that results is bred to have the best traits from both parents.

14. CLONING
A clone is an organism that has exactly the same genes as the organism from which it was produced. The organisms are genetically identical.
It is not hard to clone some kinds of plants. However, the method for cloning animals is complex.