1. Biology EOC Highlight Review
Courtesy of Mr. S. Russillo

2. pH Scale
- measure of H+ ions in a solution
Example
(1-6) = Acid – high concentration of H+ ions
(7) = Neutral- equal concentration of H+
OH- ions
(8-14)= Base – high concentration of OH- ions
*Buffer- compounds used to neutralize acids &
bases to stabilize pH

4. Organic Compounds All organisms are made of organic compounds.
Contain the element Carbon
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids

5. Carbohydrates Monomer- monosaccharide
Function- energy source and structure
Tests: glucose-Benedicts
starch- Iodine
fructose
Ex. Cellulose, glycogen, starch

6. Lipids Made of fatty acids and glycerol
Function- energy storage and insulation
Tests: brown paper test
Examples: fats and steroids
Lipid vs. water

7. Nucleic Acids Monomer- nucleotide Function- carry genetic information
Ex. DNA and RNA

8. Proteins Monomer- amino acids
Function- building and repairing cells, communication, transport, and regulation
Tests- Biurets
Examples: enzymes,
hemoglobin

9. Enzymes Catalysts(speed up chemical reactions
Specific to a particular substrate
Reusable
Affected by temperature and pH

10. Cells Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Simple, no membrane bound organelles
Bacteria only
One circular chromosome
Includes: chromosome, ribosomes, and plasma membrane
Eukaryotes
Membrane bound organelles
Plants and Animals
True nucleus containing chromosomes

11. Nucleus
Controls the cell’s activities
Contains chromosomes

12. Mitochondria “Powerhouse” of the cell
Produces energy in the form of ATP
Site of Aerobic respiration

13. Chloroplast Site of photosynthesis Plant cells ONLY
Contains the pigment chlorophyll

14. Vacuole Storage of excess materials
Plant cells usually contain one large vacuole

15. Ribosomes Proteins are synthesized(makes proteins)
Found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

16. Plasma Membrane aka: Cell Membrane
Surrounds the cell
Regulates what enters/leaves the cell
Helps maintain homeostasis
Made of phospholipids with embedded proteins

17. Cell Wall Plant cells ONLY
Surrounds cell and provides support and protection.
Made of cellulose

18. Eukaryotes
Plant
Animal
Cell wall
Chloroplast
Large central vacuole

19. Cell Organization
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Individual organism

20. Cell Specialization cells develop to perform different functions
Regulated by genes

21. Diffusion Passive transport across a membrane No energy needed
Solutes move from high to low concentration

22. Osmosis
Diffusion of water (also passive transport)

23. Active Transport
Particles moving against the concentration gradient which REQUIRES ENERGY (ATP)
Low to high concentration

24. ATP Energy storing molecule Can be used for quick energy by the cell
Energy is stored in the phosphate bonds

25. Photosynthesis
Water and Carbon Dioxide used to produce Glucose and Oxygen
H2O + CO2  C6H12O6 + O2
Occurs in the chloroplast

26. Aerobic Respiration Used to release energy (ATP) for cellular use
C6H12O6 + O2  H2O + CO2
Occurs in the mitochondria

27. Anaerobic Respiration aka Fermentation
Does not require Oxygen
also used to release energy, but not as efficient as aerobic respiration (less ATP)
Products include CO2 and lactic acid or alcohol
Two Types: Alcoholic Fermentation and Lactic Acid Fermentation

28. Autotroph vs. Heterotroph
Obtain energy from the environment
Photosynthesis or chemosynthesis
“Producers”
Obtain energy from other living things
“Consumers”

29. DNA / RNA Carry genetic information Made of a chain of nucleotides
Nucleotides contain a sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base

30. DNA / RNA DNA Double stranded “Double Helix” Four base pairs: ATGC
Sugar is Deoxyribose
Found in nucleus
RNA
Single stranded
Four base pairs: AUCG
Sugar is Ribose

31. Base Pair Rule In DNA, Adenine always pairs with Thymine
Guanine always pairs with Cytosine

32. Replication Making of an identical strand of DNA Needed for mitosis
“semi” conservative
Half is old strand
Half is new strand

33. DNA  RNA  protein  trait
Central Dogma
DNA  RNA  protein  trait

34. Transcription DNA  mRNA Occurs in nucleus
Complementary mRNA strand is produced from a segment of DNA

35. Translation
Connects amino acids in the correct order to make a protein
Occurs in the cytoplasm within the ribosomes
A- amino acid
B- tRNA
C- anticodon
D- codon
E- mRNA
F- Ribosome
G-polypeptide

36. Codon
Sequence of three mRNA nucleotides that code for an amino acid

37. Mutations Change in DNA code May cause a change in protein produced
NOT always harmful
Can be caused by radiation
Sickle Cell Mutation

38. Mitosis Cell division Produces Occurs in body cells to grow and repair
two cells
Identical cells
Diploid cells
Occurs in body cells to grow and repair

39. Cancer Error in cell growth which causes uncontrolled cell growth
Caused by environmental & genetic factors

40. Meiosis Cell division Produces Occurs in sex cells to form gametes
four cells
all different
haploid cells
Gametes(sperm/egg)
Occurs in sex cells to form gametes

41. Crossing Over Happens in Meiosis
Homologous chromosomes exchange parts of their DNA
Creates variation in gametes

42. Nondisjunction Homologous chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis
Can lead to Down Syndrome

43. Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction
One parent
Identical offspring
Variation only thru mutations
Examples: budding, fragmentation, fission
Sexual
Two parents
Offspring different from parents
More variation
Fertilization (fusion of gametes)

44. Inheritance Traits are specific characteristics inherited from parents
Genes are the factors that determine traits
The different forms of a gene are called alleles

45. Dominant/Recessive Alleles
Dominant alleles are expressed, if present, and recessive are hidden

46. Genotype actual alleles an individual has for a trait
Homozygous
Both alleles are the same
Ex. BB or bb
Heterozygous
Both alleles are different
Ex. Bb

47. Phenotype
The actual characteristic displayed by the individual (ex. brown eyes, Hemophiliac)

48. Incomplete Dominance
Heterozygote shows a blending of the dominant and recessive phenotypes

49. Codominance Heterozygote expresses BOTH dominant and recessive traits
Ex. Roan animals(have two dominant colors)

50. Polygenic Traits Traits are influenced by more than one gene
Ex. skin color

51. Multiple Alleles More than two alleles for a trait
Ex. Blood Type (IA,IB, i)
Phenotype Genotype
type A = IAIA or IAi
type B = IBIB or IBi
type AB= IAIB
type O = ii

52. Sex Linked Traits Sex Chromosomes
Female = XX
Male = XY
Sex linked traits are carried on the X chromosome
Inherited by males more
Ex.
Hemophilia
red-green colorblindness

53. Test Cross
used to determine the phenotype of an unknown dominant individual
uses a homozygous recessive individual as the “test”

54. Pedigree similar to a family tree
Shows pattern of inheritance of a specific trait through a family
Squares = males, Circles = females

55. Karyotype Picture of someone's chromosomes
Can detect chromosomal disorders
Ex. Down Syndrome

56. Gel Electrophoresis
Technique used to separate molecules (DNA or proteins) based on their size
Sometimes called a DNA fingerprint
Used to analyze and compare DNA

57. Recombinant DNA Cell with DNA from another source Ex.
Bacteria used to produce human insulin
Human gene inserted into bacterial plasmid

58. Transgenic Organism An organism with a gene from another organism
used to improve food, for research, & healthcare
Fish with glow DNA from jellyfish

59. Clone An organism made from one cell of another organism
A genetically identical copy

60. Origin of Life Early Earth LACKED Oxygen
Early organisms were anaerobic prokaryotes
Miller and Urey experiment recreating the early atmosphere

61. Endosymbiotic Theory Eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotes
Early prokaryotes engulfed other prokaryotes and developed symbiotic relationships
Evidence includes mitochondria and chloroplast have prokaryotic type DNA

62. Natural Selection Theory of Evolution
Fit organisms survive, reproduce, and pass on traits
Requirements:
Variation
Competition

63. Adaptations Trait that increases survival For Example,
Beaks that make it easier to eat insects
Bright flowers to attract pollinators
Vascular tissue in plants to adapt to life on land

64. Evidence for Evolution
Fossil Record
Biochemical Similarities(DNA)
Shared anatomical structures

65. Speciation Evolution of a new species
must be isolation between populations

66. Antibiotic and Pesticide Resistance
Populations will eventually become resistant to pesticides and antibiotics with overuse

67. Coevolution Two organisms evolve in response to each other
Ex. Flowering plants and their pollinators

68. Binomial Nomenclature
Two word naming system
Scientific name
Uses Genus and Species names
Ex. Dogs: Canis familiaris

69. Dichotomous Keys Used to identify organisms
Paired set of questions with two choices

70. Levels of Organization

71. Phylogenic tree

72. Genetic Disorders and the Environment
Many diseases have both genetic and environmental factors
Ex. Cancer, diabetes, PKU

73. Ecosystems
Collection of abiotic (nonlivng) and biotic (living) factors in an area
Together they influence growth, survival, and productivity of an organism

74. Symbiotic Relationships
Relationship between two organisms in which one benefits
Types:
Mutualism (+,+)
Parasitism (+,-)
Commensalism (+, o)

75. Predation
Predator eats prey
Evolve in response to one another

76. Carrying Capacity
Maximum number of individuals that an ecosystem can support
Limiting factors:
Food availability
Competition
Disease
Predation
Natural Disasters

77. Carbon Cycle

78. Trophic Levels Steps in a food chain/web
Energy passes from one organism to another
About 10% of the energy at one level passes to the next

79. Human Population
Growth= birth rate-death rate

80. Human Impacts Negative Positive Acid Rain Reforestation Deforestation
Habitat Destruction
Invasive Species
Ozone depletion from the release of CFCs
Reforestation
Cover Cropping
Recycling
Sustainable practice

81. Global Warming Increase in the average temperature of the earth
Caused by the release of too much CO2 into the atmosphere which amplifies the greenhouse effect
Burning of fossil fuels, volcanic eruptions

82. Bioaccumulation
An increase in environmental toxins at higher tropic levels
Ex. DDT and birds of prey

83. Innate Behavior Behaviors an animal is born with
Includes suckling, migration, hibernation
Ex. weaving of spider webs

84. Learned Behavior Behavior an animal acquires during its lifetime
Includes
Habituation
Conditioning
Trial and error

85. Social Behavior Communication between individuals of the same species
Can be courtship, territorial or chemical (pheromones)