1. WHAT IS EVOLUTION?

2. Evolution is a change in gene pool over time
Evolution is a change in gene pool over time. It also is the idea that new species develop from earlier species, sometimes referred to as “descent with modification”

3. FAQ: Isn’t evolution only a theory?

4. It is a fact in the respect that yes, it has indeed occurred and is occurring on a daily basis. It is a theory in the respect that scientists disagree on the details of how it occurred.

5. Remember what a theory
in science is - a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that can incorporate facts, inferences, and tested hypotheses* (not a hunch or guess)
*(National Science Foundation)

6. We live in interesting times:
August 1999: Board of Education in the State of Kansas votes to remove all mention of evolution from state science curriculum.

7. Why not Cell Biology? Physiology? Organic Chemistry?
Why is Evolution under attack?
Darwin’s Ideas were (and are) regarded as a dangerous threat to a God-centered understanding of mankind’s place in the living world.
Why Evolution?
Why not Cell Biology? Physiology? Organic Chemistry?

8. Why not Cell Biology? Physiology? Organic Chemistry?
Why is Evolution under attack?
Darwin’s Ideas were (and are) regarded as a dangerous threat to a God-centered understanding of mankind’s place in the living world.
Why Evolution?
Why not Cell Biology? Physiology? Organic Chemistry?

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10. “ I n t e l l i g e n t D e s i g n ” a d v o c a t e s a r g u e t h a t g e n o m i c a n d m o l e c u l a r d a t a r e f u t e D a r w i n i s m .

11. Next Battleground: Dover, PA

12. Dover trial began on Monday:
Sept. 26, 2005

13. A Universal Genetic Code
FAQ: What is the evidence of Evolution?
The Fossil Record
A Universal Genetic Code
Common Molecular Sequences
Common Protein Sequences
Transitional Fossils
Daily observation of evolution of microbes

14. And science extends our explorations in the grand and glorious past of life on this remarkable planet.

15. Vestigial Organs Including:
the appendix
wisdom teeth
male nipples
third eyelid
plantaris muscle – for grasping
male uterus
neck ribs – appear in 1% of
the population

16. Body Hair and Rudimentary Ear
Muscles
Erector Pili
Palmaris Muscle – for climbing
Thirteenth Rib (vs. 12) and the Coccyx
Pyramidalis Muscle
Female Vas Deferens
Subclavius Muscle

17. Homologous Brains, Structures, and Embryos

18. FAQ: Are you going to teach us that we are descendants of apes?
No, That’s an inaccurate concept-
ion of evolutionary theory. We have
the closest common ancestry with
the great apes

19. A Molecular Test of Common Ancestry
Chromosome Numbers in the Great Apes:
Human (Homo) 46
Chimpanzee (Pan) 48 Gorilla (Gorilla) 48 Orangutan (Pogo) 48
Testable prediction: If these organisms share a common ancestor, that ancestor had 48 chromosomes (24 pairs)

20. Chromosome Numbers in the great apes (Hominidae):
Human (Homo) 46 Chimpanzee (Pan) 48 Gorilla (Gorilla) 48 Orangutan (Pogo) 48
Ancestral Chromosomes
Fusion
Homo sapiens
Inactivated centromere
Telomere sequences
Centromere
Telomere
Testable prediction: If these organisms share a common ancestor, that ancestor had 48 chromosomes (24 pairs)

21. Chromosome Numbers in the great apes (Hominidae):
Human (Homo) 46 Chimpanzee (Pan) 48 Gorilla (Gorilla) 48 Orangutan (Pogo) 48
Hillier et al (2004) “Generation and Annotation of the DNA sequences of human chromosomes 2 and 4,” Nature 434: 724 – 731.

22. Inactivated centromere
“Chromosome 2 is unique to the human lineage of evolution, having emerged as a result of head-to-head fusion of two acrocentric chromosomes that remained separate in other primates. The precise fusion site has been located in 2q13–2q14.1 (ref. 2; hg 16: – ), where our analysis confirmed the presence of multiple subtelomeric duplications to chromosomes 1, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 19, 21 and 22 (Fig. 3; Supplementary Fig. 3a, region A). During the formation of human chromosome 2, one of the two centromeres became inactivated (2q21, which corresponds to the centromere from chimp chromosome 13) and the centromeric structure quickly deterioriated (42).”
Homo sapiens
Inactivated centromere
Telomere sequences
Hillier et al (2004) “Generation and Annotation of the DNA sequences of human chromosomes 2 and 4,” Nature 434: 724 – 731.

23. FAQ: If we have a common
ancestor with apes, why are there
still apes?

24. No, most mainstream religions accept modern evolutionary
FAQ: Doesn’t “believing” or “accepting” evolutionary theory mean you don’t believe in God?
No, most mainstream religions
accept modern evolutionary
theory it premises

25. FAQ: Why can’t we learn creationism and evolution
FAQ: Why can’t we learn creationism and evolution? Should “equal time” be devoted to both?

26. Right now there is no selective pressure on human as a species
FAQ: IF EVOLUTION IS OCCURRING, HOW COME WE’RE NOT GROWING A SIXTH FINGER OR TOE, ETC?
Right now there is no selective
pressure on human as a species
to evolve

27. FAQ: Why is it that important anyway?

28. Evolution is a central unifying
theme incorporating:
- molecular (DNA)biology -cellular biology -genetics -taxonomy
- physiology

29. “Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution
“Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution.” Theodosius Dobzhansky, 1973

30. How is evolution both a fact and
a theory? What is meant by the
word, “theory”?

31. What was the last major court
case dealing with teaching evolution in schools? What was the ruling?
List two major pieces of evidence
that demonstrate evolution has occurred.

32. Place the following events in
chronological order from first to most recent using “Pacing Geologic Time”
evolution of reptiles
evolution of mammals
evolution of birds
evolution of amphibians
first flowering plants

33. Know These in Chronological Order:
evolution of eukaryotes
first multicellular life
earliest fish
first amphibians
first reptiles
first dinosaurs
first mammals
earliest birds
first flowering plants
early primates
earliest humans

34. Calculate the percentage of time that humans have been on the earth.
2) The fossil record supports the
theory that all multicellular evolved
within the past ______ million
years.