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The Ecumenical Councils

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Presentation on theme: "The Ecumenical Councils"— Presentation transcript:

1 The Ecumenical Councils
Introduction and the First Seven

2 Tradition and Scripture
Reformation period Question of who should interpret scripture Sola scriptura

3 Normative Role of Scripture
Redaction of scripture grounded in Apostolic Tradition Scripture plays normative role in the community If scripture considered first normative, who interprets it Interpreter (and compiler of scripture) is therefore first normative

4 What is an Ecumenical Council
Council made up of bishops of the Church Follows pattern of Apostolic council in Jerusalem Word “Ecumenical” comes from Greek oikumene General or universal council

5 Authority Jesus Apostles Individual Bishops Rule of Faith Councils

6 Emergence of a Leadership Model
In second century, bishops gathered in provinces to settle disputes Met in province’s capitals Bishops of capitals became important figures Metropolitan (Chief) Bishops Modelled after Roman Senate

7 First Seven Ecumenical Councils
Nicaea in 325 Constantinople in 381 Ephesus in 431 Chalcedon in 451 Constantinople II in 553 Constantinople III from Nicaea II (787)

8 Nicaea Called by Constantine Presided over by Constantine
Only bishops had voting rights Princepus senatus (first bishop)

9 Matters Debated Arius controversy Homousious (Consubstantial)
Clerical discipline Easter Celebration Formally solidifying Church structure Begin to assemble canon of scripture

10 Why was Nicaea so important
Sets precedent Highest authoritative declaration Rooted in Tradition

11 Constantinople Revised Nicene Creed
Added “Born of the Father before all ages” Added clauses about Holy Spirit Continued to define Canon

12 Council of Chalcedon Defined Hypostatic Union
Rejected other dualist theories about the nature of Christ

13 The Ecumenical Councils
Medieval and Renaissance Councils

14 Tradition From Latin Tradere Literally “Passing on”

15 Fourth Council of Constantinople
Holy Roman Empire Schism between east and west Iconoclasm

16 Later Medieval Issues Adoption of scholasticism Gregorian Reforms
Canon Law Monarchy/Papacy conflicts Formation of the College of Cardinals

17 First Lateran Council Concordat of Worms Investiture controversy

18 Renaissance Formation of religious orders Church reform
Three Pope controversy

19 Constance Last time (prior to 2013) that a Pope abdicated
Schism between three popes Council issued sacrosancta Pope Martin V eventually elected If the image of two popes seemed bazar, imagine what three popes (in 1414) must have looked like

20 Pope John Paul II, Cardinal Ratzinger, Cardinal Bergolio

21 Trent Formally pronounced canon of Catholic scripture
Affirmed list of 7 sacraments Sacraments have spiritual dimension Best practices


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