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The Chemistry of Life v Elements and the Periodic Table
v Atomic Structure v Shells, Orbitals, and the Octet Rule v Bonding between atoms Covalent: non-polar and polar Ionic bonds Hydrogen bonds v Chemical Reactions v Acids, Bases, and pH Functional Groups Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides Lipids: Fatty Acids and Complex Lipids Proteins: Amino Acids and Polypeptides Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides and RNA/DNA 1
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Carbohydrate Simple Sugars: Monosaccharides
Glucose
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Polysaccharides are Monosaccharides Linked by Dehydration
Figure 2.8
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Polysaccharides are Used for Energy Storage or Structural Support
glu glu glu glu glu glu glu OR glu glu glu glu glu glu Structural support: glu glu glu glu glu glu
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Chitin is Made of Repeating NAG Molecules (Fungal Cell Walls))
Structural support: NAG NAG NAG NAG NAG NAG
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Peptidoglycan/Murein is Made of NAG-NAM (Bacterial Cell Walls)
Structural support: NAG NAM NAG NAM NAG NAM pentapeptide links NAG NAM NAG NAM NAG NAM
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The Chemistry of Life v Elements and the Periodic Table
v Atomic Structure v Shells, Orbitals, and the Octet Rule v Bonding between atoms Covalent: non-polar and polar Ionic bonds Hydrogen bonds v Chemical Reactions v Acids, Bases, and pH Functional Groups Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides Lipids: Fatty Acids and Complex Lipids Proteins: Amino Acids and Polypeptides Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides and RNA/DNA 7
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Monomers of Lipids: Fatty Acids and Glycerol
Saturated fatty acid: all single C-C bonds Unsaturated fatty acid: one or more double C=C bonds
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Complex or Polymer Lipids
Figure 2.9c
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Complex or Polymer Lipids
Figure 2.10a
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Ergosterol (fungal cell membranes)
Complex or Polymer Lipids Ergosterol (fungal cell membranes) (animal cell membranes) Cholesterol and ergosterol keep plasma membranes fluid and flexible
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The Chemistry of Life v Elements and the Periodic Table
v Atomic Structure v Shells, Orbitals, and the Octet Rule v Bonding between atoms Covalent: non-polar and polar Ionic bonds Hydrogen bonds v Chemical Reactions v Acids, Bases, and pH Functional Groups Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides Lipids: Fatty Acids and Complex Lipids Proteins: Amino Acids and Polypeptides Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides and RNA/DNA 12
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Protein Monomers: Amino Acids (Peptides)
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Twenty Amino Acids Used in Polypeptides
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Linking Amino Acids (Peptides)
Figure 2.14
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Levels of Protein Structure
Disulfide bonds Ionic bonds Non -polar interactions Hydrogen bonds
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The Chemistry of Life v Elements and the Periodic Table
v Atomic Structure v Shells, Orbitals, and the Octet Rule v Bonding between atoms Covalent: non-polar and polar Ionic bonds Hydrogen bonds v Chemical Reactions v Acids, Bases, and pH Functional Groups Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides Lipids: Fatty Acids and Complex Lipids Proteins: Amino Acids and Polypeptides Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides and RNA/DNA 17
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Monomers of Nucleic Acids
5’ 4’ 1’ 3’ ribonucleotide 2’ ribonucleotide 5’ 4’ 1’ 3’ 2’ deoxyribonucleotide
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Two Kinds of Nucleic Acids: Information Storage
RNA: Single stranded Uses G, C, A, U bases Uses ribose sugar DNA: Double stranded Uses G, C, A, T bases Uses deoxyribose sugar
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The Chemistry of Life v Elements and the Periodic Table
v Atomic Structure v Shells, Orbitals, and the Octet Rule v Bonding between atoms Covalent: non-polar and polar Ionic bonds Hydrogen bonds v Chemical Reactions v Acids, Bases, and pH Functional Groups Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides Lipids: Fatty Acids and Complex Lipids Proteins: Amino Acids and Polypeptides Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides and RNA/DNA 20
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