1. The RESPIRATORY System

2. Functions of Respiratory System
Creating voice (singing, talking, etc.)
Gas exchange pH
Fighting infection

3. Ventilation, External Respiration, and Internal Respiration
Ventilation: fancy word for breathing
External respiration: exchange between lungs & blood
Internal respiration: exchange between blood and tissue

4. Carbon dioxide and its effect on ventilation
When CO2 levels increase--ventilation increases
Sometimes called the (ventilation) breathing stimulator

5. Sequence of organs as air passes from outside to in
Through nose and/or mouth
Nasal cavity
Nasopharynx
Orpharynx
Laryngopharynx

6. Larynx (voice box or Adam’s apple)
connects the pharynx with the Trachea
Laryngeal Prominence is the Adam’s apple
Larger the cartilage, deeper the voice

7. Vocal cords Laryngeal muscles open and narrow folds
Ligaments also present--vibrate like guitar strings
Faster vibration higher pitch--slower lower pitch
Males have longer and thicker ligaments
Mouth, nasal cavity, tongue, teeth, sinuses--all add to resonance of voice
True vocal cords
False vocal cords

8. Glottis and Epiglottis
Glottis is opening to larynx
Epiglottis is large leaf shaped piece of cartilage lying on top of the Larynx
Epiglottis acts like a trap door covering the opening to the Trachea or Esophagus
depending upon breathing or swallowing

9. Trachea Also known as windpipe Made of cartilage
Anterior to the esophagus
Extends to the 5th thoracic vertebrae

10. Bronchi comprised of cartilaginous rings
continue branching as the Bronchial Tree

11. Bronchioles
Cartilage gets smaller and smaller until reaches alveolar sacs
Some sacs on bronchioles
End of bronchioles contain bunches of alveoli

12. Alveolar Ducts Chambers at the end of the bronchioles Fine passageways
Connect to the alveoli

13. Alveoli Small sac-like structures where gas exchange takes place
300 million
Lined with capillaries for gas exchange

14. Respiratory Membrane
Shared membrane between the capillaries and alveoli
Exchange takes place

15. Lungs paired organs that occupy most of the thoracic cavity
separated from each other by the Heart Mediastinum
surrounded serous Membrane called the Pleural Membrane

16. Lungs Three lobes on the right, two on the left
Horizontal fissures divide lobes
Contained in pleural cavity
Lungs are spongy, move in pleural cavity as they expand

17. Lung volumes and capacity
Tidal Volume (TV) = 500 ml = volume of air moved in and out of the lungs during breathing
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) = 3000 ml = volume of air that can forcefully inhaled plus Tidal Volume

18. Lung volumes and capacity
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) = 1000 ml = volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled plus Tidal Volume
Residual Volume (RV) = 1200 ml = volume of always in lungs
Vital Capacity (VC) = 4500 ml = maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after taking the deepest possible inhalation VC = TV + IRV + ERV

19. Respiratory System
The end

20. RESPIRATORY DISORDERS AND DISORDERS

21. Emphysema
alveolar walls lose their elasticity and remain filled with air during expiration
Alveoli become damaged
Eventually merge & form large air sacs with reduced volume
Patients often develop a barrel chest
Generally caused by cigarettes, pollution, industrial dust particles

22. Influenza •Caused by one of many viruses
Medications used to treat the symptoms
sneezing - coughing
congestion - rhinorrhea
May result in rhinitis: inflammation of the nasal mucosa
Commonly known as the flu

23. Lung Cancer highly metastatic type of cancer
usually linked with cigarette smoking
starts in the walls of the bronchi due to irritation of the bronchiole epithelium
common irritants include smoking, pollution, dust particles
20 times more prevalent in smokers than non- smokers

24. Pneumonia Acute infection or inflammation of the alveoli of the lungs
Most common infectious cause of death in the U.S.

25. Pneumonia
Alveolar sacs fill with fluid & dead WBC’s reducing amount of functional surface area of lungs
Most commonly caused by bacterium
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Affects those in poor health or compromised immune system

26. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
10,000 infant deaths per year in the U.S.
Cause not known but
Most deaths occur in the fall or winter
Over 50% of SIDS death children had an upper respiratory infection within the past two weeks
May also be caused by improper positioning for sleeping in the crib

27. Tuberculosis (Tb) Caused by a bacterium
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
infectious communicable disease destroys lung tissue & pleura
Replaced by fibrous connective tissue called tubercles
Disease is spread by inhalation of the bacterium

28. The End