1. FORENSIC SCIENCE Toxicology
Jo Ellen Leeke
11/18/2018
FORENSIC SCIENCE Toxicology

2. Jo Ellen Leeke
11/18/2018

3. Jo Ellen Leeke
11/18/2018
Toxicology
Study of poisons or the detection of foreign substances in the body that can have a toxic effect such as:
Alcohol
Industrial chemicals
Poisonous gas
Illegal drugs
Drug overdoses

4. TOXICOLOGY TYPES: Environmental--air, water, soil
Jo Ellen Leeke
11/18/2018
TOXICOLOGY
TYPES:
Environmental--air, water, soil
Consumer--foods, cosmetics, drugs
Medical, clinical, forensic

5. Forensic Toxicology Postmortem--medical examiner or coroner
Jo Ellen Leeke
11/18/2018
Forensic Toxicology
Postmortem--medical examiner or coroner
Criminal--motor vehicle accidents (MVA), assault, etc.
Workplace drug testing
Sports--human and animal

6. Why do Toxicology? Toxicology can: Be a cause of death
Jo Ellen Leeke
11/18/2018
Why do Toxicology?
Toxicology can:
Be a cause of death
Contribute to death
Cause impairment
Explain behavior

7. OUR STUDY Drugs Poisons Alcohol
Jo Ellen Leeke
11/18/2018
OUR STUDY
Drugs
Poisons
Alcohol
Basically, toxicology involves the separation, detection, identification and measurement of the drug and/or poison.

8. Jo Ellen Leeke
11/18/2018
Drugs and Crime
Definition--a natural or synthetic substance designed to affect the subject psychologically or physiologically.
“Controlled substances”--drugs that are restricted by law
Controlled Substances Act--enacted in 1970 lists illegal drugs, their category and their penalty for possession, sale or use.

9. Testing PDR’s--Physician’s Desk Reference
Jo Ellen Leeke
11/18/2018
Testing
PDR’s--Physician’s Desk Reference
Field Tests--presumptive tests
Lab Tests--conclusive tests

10. Jo Ellen Leeke
11/18/2018
PDR’s

11. Analysis of Drugs Controlled Substances Act Schedule I--heroin, LSD
Jo Ellen Leeke
11/18/2018
Analysis of Drugs
Controlled Substances Act
Schedule I--heroin, LSD
Schedule II--morphine, methadone
Schedule III--barbiturates, amphetamines
Schedule IV--other stimulates and depressants
Schedule V--codeine

12. DRUG IDENTIFICATION Screening tests or presumptive tests Color tests
Jo Ellen Leeke
11/18/2018
DRUG IDENTIFICATION
Screening tests or presumptive tests
Color tests
Microcrystalline test--a reagent is added that produces a crystalline precipitate which are unique for certain drugs.
Confirmation tests
Chromatography
Spectrophotometry
Mass spectrometry

13. Presumptive Color Tests
Jo Ellen Leeke
11/18/2018
Presumptive Color Tests
Marquis--turns purple in the presence of most opium derivatives and orange-brown with amphetamines
Dillie-Koppanyi--turns violet-blue in the presence of barbiturates

14. Presumptive Color Tests
Jo Ellen Leeke
11/18/2018
Presumptive Color Tests
Duquenois-Levine--turns a purple color in the presence of marijuana
Van Urk--turns a blue-purple in the presence of LSD
Scott test--color test for cocaine

15. Confirmation Tests Chromatography
Jo Ellen Leeke
11/18/2018
Confirmation Tests Chromatography
Techniques for separating mixtures into their component compounds
Includes two phases--one mobile and one stationary that flow past one another
As the mixture separates it interacts with the two phases.

16. Types of Chromatography
Jo Ellen Leeke
11/18/2018
Types of Chromatography
Paper
Thin Layer
Gas
Pyrolysis Gas
High Pressure Liquid (HPLC)

17. Paper Chromatography Stationary phase--paper
Jo Ellen Leeke
11/18/2018
Paper Chromatography
Stationary phase--paper
Mobile phase--a liquid solvent
Capillary action moves the mobile phase through the stationary phase

18. Thin Layer Chromatography
Jo Ellen Leeke
11/18/2018
Thin Layer Chromatography
Stationary phase--a thin layer of coating on a sheet of plastic or glass (usually aluminum or silica)
Mobile phase--a liquid solvent
from

19. Jo Ellen Leeke
11/18/2018
Retention Factor (Rf)
This is a number that represents how far a compound travels in a particular solvent
It is determined by measuring the distance the compound traveled and dividing it by the distance the solvent traveled.

20. Jo Ellen Leeke
11/18/2018
Retention Factor (Rf)
If the Rf value for an unknown compound is close to or the same as that for the known compound, the two compounds are most likely similar or identical (a match)

21. Results from Thin Layer
Jo Ellen Leeke
11/18/2018
Results from Thin Layer
What was in the unknown sample?

22. Jo Ellen Leeke
11/18/2018
Gas Chromatography
Stationary phase--a solid or very syrupy liquid lines a tube or column
Mobile phase--an inert gas like nitrogen or helium

23. Jo Ellen Leeke
11/18/2018
GC Analysis
Shows a peak that is proportional to the quantity of the substance present
Uses retention time instead of Rf for the quantitative analysis

24. Jo Ellen Leeke
11/18/2018
Retention Time
Time between the sample being injected and when it exits the column reaching the detector.
Tm is the time taken for the mobile phase to pass through the column

25. Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography
Jo Ellen Leeke
11/18/2018
Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography
Used when a sample does not readily dissolve in a solvent
If heating this sample decomposes it into gaseous products, these products can be analyzed by CGC

26. A pyrogram is a visual representation of the results
Jo Ellen Leeke
11/18/2018
A pyrogram is a visual representation of the results

27. High Pressure Liquid Chromatography
Jo Ellen Leeke
11/18/2018
High Pressure Liquid Chromatography
Stationary phase--fine solid particles
Mobile phase--a liquid solvent
A solvent is pumped through the column as a sample is injected into it. The sample, as it moves, is slowed to differing degrees, depending on its interaction with the stationary phase. Different components of the sample mixture are, therefore, separated.

28. Liquid Chromatography
Jo Ellen Leeke
11/18/2018
Liquid Chromatography

29. Jo Ellen Leeke
11/18/2018
Mass Spectrometry
Gas chromatography has one major drawback--it does not give a specific identification. By teaming a gas chromatograph with a mass spectrometer, this is accomplished.
The mixture is separated first in a gas chromatograph. The GC column is directly attached to the mass spectrometer where a beam of electrons is shot through the sample molecules.

30. MS (cont.) NO TWO SUBSTANCES PRODUCE THE SAME FRAGMENTATION PATTERN.
Jo Ellen Leeke
11/18/2018
MS (cont.)
The electrons cause the molecules to lose electrons and become positively charged. These are unstable and decompose into many smaller fragments. These fragments pass through an electric or magnetic field and are separated according to their masses.
NO TWO SUBSTANCES PRODUCE THE SAME FRAGMENTATION PATTERN.

31. Jo Ellen Leeke
11/18/2018
Example of a GS/MS

32. Human Analysis for Drugs
Jo Ellen Leeke
11/18/2018
Human Analysis for Drugs
Blood
Urine
Vitreous
Bile
Liver tissue
Brain tissue
Kidney tissue
Spleen tissue

33. Jo Ellen Leeke
11/18/2018
“If all those buried in our cemeteries who were poisoned could raise their hands, we would probably be shocked by the numbers John Trestrail

34. POISONERS in HISTORY Olympias—a famous Greek poisoner
Jo Ellen Leeke
11/18/2018
POISONERS in HISTORY
Olympias—a famous Greek poisoner
Locusta—personal poisoner of Emperor Nero
Lucretia Borgia—father was Pope Alexander VI
Madame Giulia Toffana—committed over 600 successful poisonings, including two Popes.
Hieronyma Spara—formed a society to teach women how to murder their husbands
Madame de Brinvilliers and Catherine Deshayes—French poisoners.
AND many others through modern times.

35. Symptoms of Various Types of Poisoning
Jo Ellen Leeke
11/18/2018
Symptoms of Various Types of Poisoning
Type of Poison Symptom/Evidence
Caustic Poison (lye) Characteristic burns around the lips and mouth of the victim
Carbon Monoxide Red or pink patches on the chest and thighs. Unusually brighter red lividity
Sulfuric acid Black vomit
Hydrochloric acid Greenish-brown vomit
Nitric acid Yellow vomit
Phosphorous Coffee brown vomit. Onion or garlic odor
Cyanide Burnt almond odor
Arsenic, Mercury Pronounced diarrhea
Methyl (wood) or Nausea and vomiting,
Isopropyl (rubbing) alcohol unconsciousness, possibly blindness

36. Points to Know about a Poison
Jo Ellen Leeke
11/18/2018
Points to Know about a Poison
Form
Common color
Characteristic odor
Solubility
Taste
Common sources
Lethal dose
Mechanism
Possible methods of administration
Time interval of onset of symptoms.
Symptoms resulting from an acute exposure
Symptoms resulting from chronic exposure
Disease states mimicked by poisoning
Notes relating to the victim
Specimens from victim
Analytical detection methods
Known toxic levels
Notes pertinent to analysis of poison
List of cases in which poison was used
from “Criminal Poisoning” by John Trestrail

37. New Terror--Yuschenko
Jo Ellen Leeke
11/18/2018
New Terror--Yuschenko
In 2004, Viktor Yushchenko announced independent candidate for president of the Ukraine. His major rival was Prime Minister Viktor Yanukovych. The campaign was often bitter, controversial, and violent, with accusations of "dirty tricks" from both sides. Yushchenko became seriously ill in early September On December 11, Austrian doctors confirmed Yushchenko was poisoned with TCDD dioxin having had more than 1,000 times the usual concentration in his body. This is the second highest dioxin level ever measured in a human. No one has ever been tried for this crime.

38. Evidence Class Individual
Jo Ellen Leeke
11/18/2018
Evidence
Class
Presumptive or screening tests can be used to determine that it is a drug.
Individual
Chromatography, especially in conjunction with mass spectrometry, will specifically identify a drug or poison and its components.

39. Jo Ellen Leeke of Alcohol
11/18/2018
Toxicology
of Alcohol

40. Statistics Nearly 17,500 automobile deaths in the U.S.
Jo Ellen Leeke
11/18/2018
Statistics
Nearly 17,500 automobile deaths in the U.S.
40% of all auto fatalities are due to alcohol
Over 2 million people/year injured, requiring hospitalization due to alcohol
Most abused drug; Must be able to test rapidly/accurately, due to legal needs

41. Alcohol--Ethyl Alcohol: C2H5OH
Jo Ellen Leeke
11/18/2018
Alcohol--Ethyl Alcohol: C2H5OH
Toxic--affecting the central nervous system, especially the brain
Toxicologists can test for alcohol in body fluids, tissues, organs
Acts as a depressant
Alcohol appears in blood within minutes of consumption; minutes for full absorption
Detoxification--about 90% in the liver
About 5% is excreted unchanged in breath, perspiration and urine

42. Effects of Increasing Blood Alcohol
Jo Ellen Leeke
11/18/2018
Effects of Increasing Blood Alcohol
.02 MELLOW FEELING. SLIGHT BODY WARMTH. LESS INHIBITED.
.05 NOTICEABLE RELAXATION. LESS ALERT. LESS SELF-FOCUSED. COORDINATION IMPAIRMENT BEGINS.
.08 DRUNK DRIVING LIMIT. DEFINITE IMPAIRMENT IN COORDINATION AND JUDGMENT.
.10 NOISY. POSSIBLE EMBARRASSING BEHAVIOR. MOOD SWINGS. REDUCTION IN REACTION TIME.
.15 IMPAIRED BALANCE AND MOVEMENT. CLEARLY DRUNK.
.30 MANY LOSE CONSCIOUSNESS
.40 MOST LOSE CONSCIOUSNESS; SOME DIE.
.50 BREATHING STOPS. MANY DIE.

43. Rate of Absorption Depends on: amount of alcohol consumed
Jo Ellen Leeke
11/18/2018
Rate of Absorption
Depends on:
amount of alcohol consumed
the alcohol content of the beverage
time taken to consume it
quantity and type of food present in the stomach

44. BAC Blood Alcohol Content
Jo Ellen Leeke
11/18/2018
BAC Blood Alcohol Content
Expressed as percent weight per volume
Legal limits in most states is 0.08%
Parameters influencing BAC:
Body weight
Alcoholic content
Number of beverages consumed
Time between consumption

45. BAC Burn off rate if 0.015% per hour but can vary Male
Jo Ellen Leeke
11/18/2018
BAC
Burn off rate if 0.015% per hour but can vary
Male
BAC male = x (oz) x (% alcohol)
body weight
Female
BAC female = x (oz) x (% alcohol)

46. Jo Ellen Leeke
11/18/2018
Dose-Response Curve
This is a dose-response curve for ethyl alcohol, the kind of alcohol in alcoholic beverages. At low doses the effects of alcohol are familiar and are not life-threatening, but may still be very dangerous. At higher doses, alcohol is extremely toxic to humans and can cause death.

47. Jo Ellen Leeke
11/18/2018
Field Tests
Psychophysical tests--3 Basic Tests
Horizontal gaze nystagmus (HGN)--follow a pen or small flashlight, tracking left to right with one’s eyes. In general, wavering at 45 degrees indicates 0.10 BAC.
Nine Step walk and turn (WAT): comprehend and execute two or more simple instructions at one time.
One-leg stand (OLS): maintain balance, comprehend andexecute two or more simple instructions at one time.
Preliminary tests--used to determine the degree of suspect’s physical impairment and whether or not another test is justified.

48. Jo Ellen Leeke
11/18/2018
Henry’s Law
When a volatile chemical is dissolved in a liquid and is brought to equilibrium with air, there is a fixed ratio between the concentration of the volatile compound in the air and its concentration in the liquid, and this ratio is constant for a given temperature. THEREFORE, the concentration of alcohol in breath is proportional to that in the blood.
This ratio of alcohol in the blood to alcohol in the alveolar air is approximately 2100 to 1. In other words 1 ml of blood will contain nearly the same amount of alcohol as 2100 ml of breath.

49. The Breathalyzer more practical in the field
Jo Ellen Leeke
11/18/2018
The Breathalyzer
more practical in the field
collects and measures alcohol content of alveolar breath
Breath sample mixes with 3 ml of % K2Cr2O7 and % silver nitrate in sulfuric acid and water
2K2Cr2O7 + 3C 2H5H + 8H 2SO4  2Cr2(SO4) K2SO4 + 3CH3COOH + 11 H2O
Potassium dichromate is yellow, as concentration decreases the light absorption diminishes so the breathalyzer indirectly measures alcohol concentration by measuring light absorption of potassium dichromate before and after the reaction with alcohol

50. Jo Ellen Leeke
11/18/2018
Generalizations
During absorption, the concentration of alcohol in arterial blood will be higher than in venous blood.
Breath test reflects alcohol concentration in the pulmonary artery.
Breathalyzer also can react with acetone (as found with diabetics), acetaldehyde, methanol, isopropyl alcohol, and paraldehyde, but these are toxic and their presence means the person is in serious medical condition.
Now using an infrared light absorption device with a digital read-out. Prints out a card for a permanent record.

51. Jo Ellen Leeke
11/18/2018
REALLY
BAD
IDEA