1. Living with the Legacies of Historical Globalization
Social Studies 10-1

2. Key Terms genocide gacaca courts apartheid enemy aliens
non-governmental organization
gross national income

3. How effectively have governments responded to the legacies of historical globalization?

4. During this chapter…
Think about whether or not you think people responded effectively
Think about whether or not governments responded effectively
Think about the role organizations played in responding to historical globalization
What are the effects of historical globalization on the world?

5. The People’s Response
People are still responding to some effects of historical globalization
It is important to understand that some responses can be positive and some can be negative

6. Rwanda

7. Case Study - Rwanda

8. Case Study - Rwanda
Who – There are two main indigenous groups that occupy the country: the Hutus and the Tutsis
Approximatly 85% of the population were Hutu and 15% were Tutsis

9. The Hutus and the Tutsis
While the Hutu and Tutsi are often considered to be two separate ethnic groups,
it has been pointed out that they speak the same language, have a history of intermarriage, and share many cultural characteristics.
Traditionally, the differences between the two groups were occupational rather than ethnic.
Agricultural people were considered Hutu
Cattle-owning elite were identified as Tutsi

10. Case Study - Rwanda What – Political unrest, war, and genocide
Where – Rwanda is a country in east-central Africa
When – The issues spans history as far back as the late 1800’s and still have influences today.

11. WHY? To understand why, we need to look at the history of Rwanda.
Prior to the Scramble for Africa, Rwanda was occupied by two main indigenious tribes, the Hutus and the Tutsis
The Scramble for Africa commenced in the late 1800’s, this was a time when many European nations wanted to claim land in Africa for their own benefits. Much of this land and people who lived there were exploited.
During the Scramble Germany picked up the area we now identify as Rwanda.

12. WHY?
Germany reinforced the traditional distinction between the Hutus and Tutsis, but appointed only Tutsis to key positions in the colony because they were thought to be more like Europeans
This created tension between the two groups
After WWI Germany had to give their land they had acquired in Africa to Belgium
The Belgians continued the distinction between Hutus and Tutsis, and even created a bigger division by making the people carry card to identyify what group they belonged to.

13. Rwanda’s Struggle
After WWII, most colonies in Africa began to demand their independence
1962, Belgium pulled out of Rwanda
The conflict then began between the Hutus and Tutsis over who would have political power.
The battle began and continued to intensify as the majority Hutu government began a campaign against Tutsis and any sympathetic Hutus.
Thus, a civil war.

14. Peace?
In 1993, a peace agreement was made that put an end to the fighting, but did nothing about the hatred
The peace agreement required the government to share power with other political groups, including the Tutsi led Patriotic Front
This condition angered many Hutus

15. April 6, 1994
A plane carrying Rwandan president Juvenal Habyarimana was shot down
It was not known who was responsible
The Rwandan government and some Hutu militants blamed the Tutsis
Government and militia forces retaliated against the Tutsis
Radio broadcasts encouraged Hutus civilians to take revenge
The Militia favored hacking their victims to death using machetes

16. Genocide
the mass killing of human beings, especially a targeted group of people
By July 19, 1994, an estimated 800,000 to 1 million Tutsis and moderate Hutus had been killed
Tutsis and moderate Hutus tried to find shelter in churches or in United
Nations buildings, but these
people rarely survived

17. Is this a legacy of historical globalization?
Tell me what you think, now that we have looked at the basic facts that led up to the Rwandan Genocide

18. + or -
From the Case Study of Rwanda, it is obvious to see that the response to a historical legacy by the people was detrimental to a society’s existence
But is there any positive responses?

19. What’s being done now? Class Activity – Rebuilding Rwandan Society
Page
You have 10 minutes
Read the assigned section with a partner
Write down the 3 most important points from that section
We will be discussing you findings as a class

20. What is being done now…
Rwandan’s now are left trying to rebuild their society and reconcile with one another
UN played a significant role during the fighting, and now they created International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
Gacaca Courts – justice on the grass
Rebuilding their economy, farming coffee, many farms were rebuilt
Rwanda has received international support
Ubuntu Edmonton

21. AVEGA Agahozo
This is a national organization of Rwandan women who survived the genocide and are trying to improve living conditions for themselves and their children as well as the estimated orphans from the horrors in 1994
99.9% of Rwandan children witnessed violence
76.6% experienced death of a family member
69.5% witnessed someone being killed
57.7% witnessed violence with a machete
31.4% witnessed rape or sexual assault

22. United Nations The goals of the United Nations are to
Keep peace, and security
Promote friendly relations among the countries
Promote human rights
Protect the environment
Fight poverty and disease
And to help refugees

23. UN Con’t What happens if you are not represented within the UN?
Consider the fact that First Peoples are trying to persuade Canadian governments to honour their rights. Canada is represented at the UN, but First Peoples are not. What conflicts might arise when First Peoples living in Canada try to gain an independent hearing at the UN?

24. South Africa - Background
1652, South Africa was colonized by the Dutch, Portuguese, French, and British.
The Eurocentric beliefs of the time ensured that both the indigenous and immigrants from India were treated as second class citizens.
After World War II, South African government introduced apartheid — laws that strictly segregated the population.
Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, many groups struggled to end apartheid, using non-violent and violent means.

25. Racism as a government policy
In 1926, South Africa became an independent dominion within the British empire.
Because the blacks outnumbered whites by more than 10 to 1, the government passed laws to ensure white economic and political control.

26. Racism as a government policy
All South Africans were classified as either white, Asian, colored, or black.
The groups lived in separate areas, went to separate schools and worked at separate jobs.
The 1970’s and 1980’s saw many gorups struggle to end apartheid.

27. South Africa

28. Racism as government policy
The government responded by banning protest organization and locking up their leaders, including Nelson Mandela, who led the African National Congress.

29. South Africa Con’t Student protest in Soweto
and black high school students in the South African township of Soweto demonstrated to demand better education.
“Natives must be taught from an early age that equality with Europeans is not for them.”
Police officers opened fire
students responded by throwing rocks and bottles and setting fire to buildings and vehicles.
The government said that 168 people were killed, but the people said that the number dead was over 350

30. Reconciliation Commission
Under pressure from both the international community and within the country, the South African government started dismantling apartheid in 1986.
1994 Nelson Mandela was elected president by a vote of all the South African People
Mandela established the commission to help deal with the outfall of apartheid
Desmond Tutu chaired the commissions investigation into human rights violations

31. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission
Mandela established this commission to:
Confront their violent past
Bring together the victims of crimes
Try to reconcile peoples who had been in deadly conflict with each other for so long.

32. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission
The commission found South African government, civil servants, and security forces were guilty of violating people’s human rights.
The African liberation movements were also guilty of violating peoples human rights.

33. Internment
Germans and Ukrainians lost the right to vote and were required to check in with the government during WWI they were regarded as Enemy Aliens, placed in internment camps and to this day the Government has never apologized
During WWII the Japanese suffered a similar fate however after compensation the government issued an official apology

34. Legacies of the Indian Act
Has many shortcomings when dealing with First Nations issues
1991 Royal Commission was established to investigate relationships
Big surprise, the commission determined that the main policies pursued by the act for 150 years was wrong
Chretien tried to change in it 2002 to eliminated harmful acts but to maintain financial obligations neither side could agree and the debate still continues…..

35. Non Governmental Organizations
NGOs have specific goals, and they try to raise public awareness and gain support in achieving those goals
NGOs, such as Human Rights Watch, advocate for human rights in countries around the world
NGOs help people rebuild communities in a variety of ways
Critics claim that some NGOs are sponsored by groups that want to undermine or overthrow governments.

36. Foreign Aid
Foreign aid is the money, expertise, supplies, and other goods given by one country to another
The goal is to reduce poverty and encourage a more secure, equitable, and prosperous world
The UN has set a goal of 0.07% of GNI to be set aside for foreign aid by wealthy nations. No country has ever met this goal. The best Canada has ever managed was donating 0.05% once, in 1986.