1. Introduction to fragility and conflict sensitivity
Generic slides for EU Introduction to CSA training
REPLACE NAME AND POSITIONS OF TRAINERS AND DATE OF TRAINING
Tools, Principles and the EU Approach
05 October 2018, Brussels

2. Introductions Expectations Ground Rules
Include exercise for introducing participants (see facilitation guide for ideas)
Agree participant expectations for the day
Agree ground rules for the training (e.g. no phone calls in the room, return from lunch and coffee breaks on time, respect other participants etc.)

3. Before we get started, a quick experiment…
Click on the picture to access the video or copy-paste the following link in the browser :
OPTIONAL SLIDE – can be useful to introduce the overall purpose of conflict sensitivity
This is the link to the monkey business illusion clip- use if sufficient internet access in room
The point here is to illustrate that we often miss things that are important because we are concentrating on what we know needs to happen. It can be hard to see the bigger picture, or be aware of unexpected events or implications of our work because we are focused on our own projects.
CS is really about trying to widen awareness of broader context, and ensure that you notice the monkeys in your midst.

4. Learning Objectives
To introduce core concepts, principles and operating practices of conflict sensitivity
To build knowledge and awareness of EU-specific approach to conflict sensitivity, including support and tools available
To encourage the uptake of conflict sensitive practices across a wide range of settings and in diverse sectors
Introduce the learning objectives

5. Session description and indicative lead 09.30-10.00 Introduction
Time
Session description and indicative lead
Introduction
Conflict sensitivity: key concepts and guiding principles
Coffee Break
The EU’s approach
Conceptual and Policy Framework
Panel discussion: Conflict sensitivity across EU institutions
12.15 – 13.00
Group work: Conflict Sensitivity in EU Case Study
Identify key conflict drivers and implications for EU action from Burundi case study
Identifying priorities for actions
Lunch
1400 – 1545
Case Study (cont.)
- Feedback and discussion
Final discussion
Training evaluation
THIS AGENDA WILL NEED TO BE UPDATED ACCORDING TO WHETHER A PANEL DISCUSSION WILL BE INCLUDED. SEE FACILITATION GUIDE.

6. Conflict Sensitivity: Key concepts, terms and guiding principles

7. Key Terms and concepts Conflict Peace Fragility Conflict Sensitivity
THIS SLIDE NEEDS TO BE ADAPTED DEPENDING ON TERMS TO DISCUSS
These are the key terms and concepts that will be discussed in this section. Fragility can be omitted if a panel discussion is being included in the agenda. There are different ways of introducing these terms. An easy option is to ask participants to turn to their neighbour and discuss what they understand by these terms (what do you understand by the term conflict?) for 2 mins each of the terms, one by one, and then to have a facilitated discussion to tease out the key, salient points.
An alternative mechanism is to use an online tool, such as mentimeter, to capture key words associated with each term in a word cloud. This can be a fun exercise, but requires access to a mentimeter account and strong wifi in the room. It can also have the negative side-effect of focusing people onto their phones.

8. What do we mean by conflict?
Conflict is a normal part of human interaction
It is the natural result when individuals and groups have incompatible needs, interests or beliefs
The challenge we need to address is the violent conflict that emerges which is badly managed. Violent conflict occurs when parties resort to psychological or physical force to resolve a disagreement.
Discuss in plenary the main points related to conflict.

9. Only 18% of violent deaths occurred as the result of direct conflict
(OECD 2018)

10. Surface and underlying drivers
“THE” conflict
Afghanistan
Mali
Pakistan
Syria
Nigeria
Somalia
DRC
Darfur
Drivers
Unaccountable
government
capital/ rural
divisions
Scarce resources
Ethnic divisions
Icebirg illustrates same point about getting under the surface to identify root causes or drivers of conflict. This is what conflict analysis tries to do.
corruption &
nepotism
human
rights violations
Religious
sectarianism
unequal access
to employment
economic changes
rapid
media censorship
and control

11. Conflicts are complex Multiple contributing factors
Driven by mixture of greed, grievance, fears...
Different causes: “root” and “proximate”
Perceptions are as important as “realities”
Highly dynamic

12. Negative Peace Positive Peace There is no violence, AND there is:
- Political freedom and participation
- Freedom from fear and insecurity
- Fair access to justice, services, livelihoods and resources
- Transparent and accountable governance
- Ways to resolve complaints and disputes
- Less exposure to or ways to cope with external stresses
An absence of violent conflict BUT where there is:
- No justice : human rights abuses, weak or no rule of law)
- No equality : discrimination, social, political or economic exclusion
 This is not a sustainable peace. It may be a latent conflict situation, from which a new cycle of violence may develop in the future
Following discussion with neighbour on what people understand by the term peace, discuss concepts on positive and negative peace.

13. Understanding Fragility
The development community’s understanding of fragility has shifted.
Move away from a binary "Fragile States list" (OECD, ) towards a more holistic and dynamic understanding of fragility.
Multidimensional and universal approach to fragility
New risk based model of fragility (OECD, 2016)
OPTIONAL SLIDES (hence hidden- using these slides will depend on whether you are able to include a panel discussion).
New thinking on the nature of fragility and risk shows a shift from a one-dimensional understanding of fragility towards a more holistic approach in which degrees of fragility exist on a spectrum.
The model was built on five dimensions taken from drafts of the SDGs, and presented fragility as a challenge existing in many different “shades” or “states”, and not only in developing countries but potentially all countries. That’s also why the series was renamed from “fragile states” to “states of fragility”.

14. Dimensions of Fragility
Multidimensional and universal approach to fragility
"Fragility has many dimensions, many aspects and facets, and is a matter of degree and dynamic. These dimensions can affect developing and richer countries alike." (OECD 2016a)
 “fragile contexts” & “fragile systems” instead of “fragile states”
The five dimensions

15. Why does fragility matter?
 By 2030, 55% of worlds poor are projected to be in fragile states
 Two thirds of ODA goes to states considered as fragile
Cf. OECD States of Fragility 2016 (OECD, 2018, p.111)

16. What is resilience?
EU Approach to Resilience (2012): "Building resilience…tackle the root causes of recurrent crises rather than just their consequences"
Another recent definition: "capacity to cope with and adjust to risks"

17. Conflict sensitivity is acting with the understanding that any initiative conducted in a conflict-affected environment will interact with that conflict with positive or negative effects.
Conflict sensitivity is a deliberate and systematic approach to ensuring we understand and minimise these negative effects (risks) and maximise positive effects of our actions (opportunities).
Conflict sensitivity means the ability to:
Be aware of the context in which one operates, i.e. the political, social, and economic environment
Understand how the context affects the project and how the project affects the context; and
Act upon the awareness and understanding of this interaction, in order to avoid or mitigate negative impacts (‘do no harm’) and maximize positive impacts (‘do good’). 

18. Conflict sensitivity exists on a spectrum
Saferworld: Presentation title
18 November 2018
Conflict sensitivity exists on a spectrum
Minimise harm/ Do No Harm
Contribute to peace and stability /
Working in conflict
Programmes or country strategies that integrate peacebuilding and stabilisation objectives alongside other objectives
Directly & deliberately addressing drivers of conflict /
Working on conflict
CSSF programming or DFID conflict programmes
Presented by:

19. Values underpinning conflict sensitivity
Responsibility
Participation
Inclusiveness
Impartiality
Transparency
Accountability
Co-ordination, complementarity and coherence
Timeliness
Responsibility- every intervention in a conflict affected context has an impact in one way or another on the dynamics in those communities. They have a responsibility therefore to account for these impacts.
Participation- those people most impacted by an intervention should be involved in the planning, managing and monitoring of that intervention. This will make the intervention more realistic, sensitive to on the ground realities, flexible and sustainable.
Inclusivity- need to account for the gender dimensions of conflict dynamics- not just visible signs but also underlying values and attitudes relating to gender.
Impartiality -should not be aligned with any personal or political agenda related to conflict actors- must work towards the best outcomes possible in terms of the conflict context
Transparency- information should be freely available and accessible- this is critical for building trust with affected communities and tackling corruption
Respect for people’s ownership of the conflict and their suffering- peace cannot be imposed from outside of a context- the issues must be worked through with those people directly impacted. External actors can help to work towards fair, just and peaceful human development, especially for the most marginalised groups, so that they can develop solutions that can help to sustain peaceful solutions.
Accountability- not only to donors and governments, but to all actors affected by the intervention- including direct beneficiaries as well as wider community members
Partnership- actors need to work together to plan and implement interventions that work for all actors. This includes co-ordination, complementarity and coherence of action between different actors- humanitarian, development and peacebuilding, different parts of government, private sector actors etc.
Timeliness- important to do things in the right way, and at the right time. Interventions need to be able to adapt to changing circumstances- analysis should form the starting point of intervention design, but also updated regularly.

20. Gender and conflict exercise
Read the character on the slip of paper you have been given. Do not share your character with anyone else.
Now imagine you are this character. If you imagine that you can answer yes to the questions, take one step forward.
OPTIONAL SLIDE (hence hidden- do this if you are not doing the panel discussion)
Purpose of this exercise is to highlight the multiple dimensions of ones identity and how these interact with power dynamics in a context. Full instructions included in facilitation guide.

21. Gender and conflict sensitivity
EU is committed to integrating gender across all aspects of programming and policy
Conflict affects men and women, boys and girls differently.
Women are often excluded from positions of power but have a critical role to play in peacebuilding.
Gender norms can drive or sustain conflict
EU is committed to integrating gender across all aspects of programming and policy
Conflict affects men and women, boys and girls differently. Women have fewer economic opportunities. In conflict, they are more vulnerable.
Women are often excluded from positions of power but have a critical role to play in peacebuilding. Peace processes are 35% more likely to last 15 years or more when women are included in the process.
Out of 182 signed peace agreements between 1989 and 2011 found that when women are included in peace processes, there is a 35 percent increase in the probability that a peace agreement will last 15 years or more
Gender norms can drive or sustain conflict e.g. young men in Kenya join often join extremist, gang or violent groups in order to earn respect, income and/ or bride price- i.e. to become a ‘real man’. In South Sudan, women sign songs encouraging men to raid cattle and ‘protect’ their honour.
Somalia : Men find their leadership position undermined by their wives who are working and have incomes, as well the INGOs who give aid and control their lives through their food shops.

22. Being conflict-sensitive means
Saferworld: Presentation title
18 November 2018
Being conflict-sensitive means
Understanding the conflict context : history, social and demographic composition, political system, economy and security
Understanding the potential interaction between any planned action and the context – how will interventions affect the context? how will the context affect interventions?
Adapting planned interventions in order to minimise negative and maximise positive impacts on conflict and peace
Any intervention in a conflict-affected context inevitably has an impact on the social, political, environmental or economic factors that influence the conflict in that context (the conflict dynamics). These impacts may be positive (for example, reducing tensions or improving relationships between key stakeholders) or negative (for example, worsening tensions or maintaining a negative status quo); direct or indirect; intentional or unintentional. Conflict sensitivity is an umbrella term for approaches to managing these impacts.
Understanding the context in which you work
Example: Knowing the actors, causes and drivers of the conflict
Understanding the interaction between the context and your interventions / work
Example: recognising that the context / conflict impacts on your work and that your work impacts on the context
Designing, implementing, monitoring and evaluating your work to maximise positive impacts and minimise negative ones. In other words, placing your intervention / work at the centre of your conflict analysis.
Point to the need to understand what role we play, what interests we have and how that interacts with the conflict context!
Presented by:

23. What does the EU's approach to conflict analysis entail?
Not one way
'light touch' methodology vs more granular approach
Internal/external
Both a process and a product
Involves those who need to own the findings (EU Institutions, Member States, partners, civil society).

24. Drivers of peace Causes Stakeholders Conflict dynamics Scenarios
What are political, economic , political, social, security or other factors that are structural (long term) or more proximate causes for current conflict dynamics?
Stakeholders
Who are the stakeholders acting or affected by the conflict? How are they related? What are their position, but also what are their (hidden) interests and sources of power?
Drivers of peace
What helps resilience against violence and escalation? What are the institutions or actors that promote peace?
Conflict dynamics
What is driving conflict and violence? Are their patterns and triggers for violence? What is the impact of the conflict(s)?
Scenarios
What are possible future developments? Which factors will determine future development in one or the other direction.
Responses
What has / is the EU doing?
What are others doing?
How can we assess this vis-à-vis the conflict dynamics?
Options
What priorities / objectives do we see to address the conflict?
What are options to realise them?
This slide illustrates the different component parts of the EU’s common approach to conflict analysis. There are different tools and methods that can be applied to investigate these aspects of conflict analysis. Later will we look at a few of these.

25. The EU approach to Conflict Sensitivity Conceptual and Policy Framework Conflict sensitivity across EU institutions

26. The International Policy Framework
Break the vicious circle of conflict and fragility
New development approach
Paradigm shift: Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Goal 16: peaceful and inclusive societies, justice and accountable institutions
To be delivered by relevant EU person
=> To break the vicious circle of conflict and fragility, we need a new approach that recognizes the links between security and development. Sustained peace and inclusive societies go hand in hand.
This paradigm shift is also reflected in the New SDGs, and in particular, SDG 16, which stresses the importance of peaceful and inclusive societies, justice and accountable institutions in achieving sustainable development

27. To be delivered by relevant EU person

28. The EU Policy Framework
TEU Art 21(2)(c): “to preserve peace, prevent conflicts and strengthen international security, in accordance with the purposes and principles of the United Nations Charter”
EU Comprehensive Approach to External Conflicts and Crises (CA): working better together to enhance coherence, effectiveness and impact of the EU's action
EU Integrated Approach to External Conflicts and Crises (IA): succeeds, builds on and expands the CA scope and ambition and a Strategic Approach to Resilience in the EU's External Action.
New European Consensus on Development (2017): reinforces the security-development nexus. CA/IA = Security-development nexus.
International engagement through political dialogue and joint initiatives (RPBAs, INCAF and IDPS etc.)
To be delivered by relevant EU person

29. 2018 EU Integrated Approach to external Conflicts and Crisis - Basic Principles
Multi-dimensional: working across areas, breaking silos
Multi-level: taking coordinated actions at various levels, from local to regional
Multi-phased: throughout all phases of conflicts, from prevention to longer-term peacebuilding
Multi-lateral: strengthening cooperation with Member States and relevant partners
To be delivered by relevant EU person

30. 2017 Joint Communication: A Strategic Approach to Resilience in the EU's External Action
The adaptability of states, societies, communities and individuals to political, economic, environmental, demographic or societal pressures, to sustain progress towards national development goals
The capacity of a state- in the face of significant pressures to build, maintain or restore its core functions, and basic social and political cohesion […]
The capacity of societies, communities and individuals to manage opportunities and risks in a peaceful and stable manner […]
To be delivered by relevant EU person

31. We need to build RESILIENCE at all levels:
State based on EU values and society
Community or households
Individual
Focus on Conflict Prevention
To be delivered by relevant EU person

32. We need to build RESILIENCE in all areas Social Environment Security
To be delivered by relevant EU person
RESILIENCE
Economic
Political

33. Panel discussion : Conflict sensitivity across EU institutions
Clément Boutillier Policy Officer, DG DEVCO
Jan Reinder Rosing Policy Officer EEAS/PRISM Division
Apostolos Nikolaidis Civil-Military Relations Officer DG ECHO
USE IF HAVING A PANEL DISCUSSION
NAMES AND POSITIONS OF RELEVANT PEOPLE TO BE INSERTED HERE

34. Questions 1. What is your approach to conflict sensitivity?
2. Please provide a practical example of the application of a conflict sensitive approach by your service.
Questions for panel members to discuss before opening to participants for discussion.

35. CASE STUDY
ON BURUNDI

36. Drivers of peace Causes Stakeholders Conflict dynamics Scenarios
What are political, economic , political, social, security or other factors that are structural (long term) or more proximate causes for current conflict dynamics?
Stakeholders
Who are the stakeholders acting or affected by the conflict? How are they related? What are their position, but also what are their (hidden) interests and sources of power?
Drivers of peace
What helps resilience against violence and escalation? What are the institutions or actors that promote peace?
Conflict dynamics
What is driving conflict and violence? Are their patterns and triggers for violence? What is the impact of the conflict(s)?
Scenarios
What are possible future developments? Which factors will determine future development in one or the other direction.
Responses
What has / is the EU doing?
What are others doing?
How can we assess this vis-à-vis the conflict dynamics?
Options
What priorities / objectives do we see to address the conflict?
What are options to realise them?
This slide is to illustrate which parts of the EU’s approach to conflict analysis we will be looking at in the exercise, specifically:
Causes of conflict (using the tree and/or matrix)
Stakeholders (using stakeholder mapping)
Responses and options (in discussion)

37. Doing the grid
Think about all the factors – political, economic, social etc.
Structural and proximate causes
Don’t worry about where in the grid, get it down
Remember external/ regional/ international factors
Explain tool

38. Drivers of conflict Security Political Economic Social National Local
International
National
Local
Regional

39. The conflict tree
Explain tool

40. Stakeholder analysis
Explain tool

41. Example - Nigeria
Ben

42. Different Stakeholders
• Stakeholders who directly impact on conflict dynamics and are the key “investors” in the conflict (normally referred to as “primary stakeholders”)
• Stakeholders who are directly impacted by conflict, but who do not feel themselves to be directly involved
• Interested stakeholders who may not be directly impacted or involved, but stand to benefit in the outcomes of conflict
BUT ALSO
Possible drivers of peace and resilience
Use if you need to explain what sorts of stakeholders we are talking about.

43. Identifying priorities for action
Consider what a ‘peaceful’ future state might look like. What would need to change in order to get there?
Identify 1-2 priority policy positions or interventions that the EU should focus on in order to get there. Consider factors such as:
The leverage that the EU has
Interventions that address structural/root causes of conflict
'Do No Harm' and 'Leave No One Behind' principles
Construct a simple Theory of Change behind interventions:
IF………
BECAUSE………
THEN……..
Assumptions – Leverage – theory of change- decide interventions
Purpose of this stage is to consider how analysis can be used to inform policy and programme design- imagine you are the key decision maker for the Burundi delegation. What should you focus on?

44. EU Resources and documents
EU Staff Handbook for Operating in Situations of Conflict and Fragility
EU guidance note on Conflict Analysis
The EU Online Course on Conflict Sensitivity
OECD: “States of Fragility” reports (2015-), before: “Fragile States Reports” ( )
DEVCO B.2
EEAS PRISM team
A selection of key resources available to EU staff members.

45. EU On-Line Conflict Sensitivity Course
Highlight the existence of the EU online course on conflict sensitivity- this is a useful resource available to staff working in any part of the EU. It is available on EU training resource sites. Please let you colleagues know about it. If you have not already done it yourself, please do so.

46. What have I learned? Please take 2 minutes to think about:
what have I learned today that might be useful in my day to day job?
What would I like to know more about?
When ready, please share with the rest of the group

47. Feedback and Evaluation
Thanks for participating 