1. Territorial Morphology
Human Geography
Mrs. Vazquez

2. What is human territoriality?
Human territoriality is the attempt to control what goes on in a specific geographic area
A country’s sense of property and attachment toward its territory, expressed by its determination to keep it inviolable and defended

3. What does sovereignty mean?
Sovereignty is the final authority over a territory’s political and military affairs.
Authority to rule

4. Territorial morphology refers to…
Territorial morphology refers to the size, shape and relative location of a state (country)
This affects the potential for communications and conflict with neighbors
Morphology means “the form and structure of an organism or one of its parts”

5. Territorial Morphology(shape) 5 basic shapes:
Compact (Uruguay, Zimbabwe, Poland)
Prorupt-Protruded (extension out) usually for access to river or ocean Thailand,Myanmar, Namibia, India(not the usual poster boy)
Elongated (Chile) Vietnam
Fragmented (difficult to defend; Philippines, Indonesia, Sweden
Perforated (country that surrounds another) South Africa

6. Compact States
Distance to center to any boundary does not vary significantly.
Ideally, a circle
Beneficial for most smaller states because communication is easier
Just as likely to experience civil war and ethnic conflict
Belgium
Easier to defend than states of other shapes.
Examples: Poland, Kenya
Sierra Leone
Rwanda
Burundi
Swaziland
Lesotho

7. Fragmented States Includes several discontinuous pieces of territory
1)fragmented by water
(Fiji, Indonesia)
2)fragmented by other states
Russia (Kaliningrad), US (Alaska)
Seychelles
Cape Verde Islands
Equatorial Guinea
and
Sao Tome and Principe

9. Elongated States States with a long and narrow shape
Suffer from poor internal communications
Isolation of one region from capital
Examples: Italy, Chile, Malawi
Togo
Malawi

11. Protruded/Prorupt States
Otherwise compact state
with a large projecting
extension
Created for access to
a resource, such as water
Or, created for separation
of two states that would
otherwise share a boundary
The projecting territory of
Democratic Republic of Congo was made by the Belgians to give the state, then a colony of Belgium, access to the Atlantic Ocean Example: Democratic Republic of Congo, Thailand
Somalia
Zaire

13. Perforated States A state that completely surrounds another state
South Africa/Lesotho
South Africa

15. B E A D C

17. transcend soil, water, air mark the limits of state jurisdiction
Boundaries…
a vertical plane that cuts through the subsoil & airspace (even outer space)
transcend soil, water, air
mark the limits of state jurisdiction

18. Boundaries differ in morphological terms
Geometric: straight line boundaries
physical-political or natural-political: rivers or mountains
Cultural: political-ethnically based

19. Boundary Types 1. Physical: mountains, rivers, lakes
Rio Grande US /Mexico
Pyrenees Mountains bw/
Spain and France
Other examples?
Geometric: lines of latitude/longitude North Korea and South Korea -38th parallel .

20. 49th parallel

21. 3. Cultural: separated by language/religion
India & Pakistan

22. Boundary Origins 1. Antecedent: border before populated
boundary that was created before the present day cultural landscape developed Ex: U.S.
2. Subsequent: border drawn after
2 types:
Consequent (Ireland & N. Ireland)
Superimposed (British India, Africa after the scramble)

23. Consequent
Ireland & N. Ireland

24. 3. Relict/relic Boundary: historical boundary, no longer valid
3. Relict/relic Boundary: historical boundary, no longer valid. Great wall of China, Berlin Wall

25. are often a source of dispute
Boundaries
are often a source of dispute

26. are defined, delimited, and then demarcated
Boundaries
are defined, delimited, and then demarcated
Defined:legal document drawn up
Delimited:boundary put on a map
Demarcated:boundary marked on the ground

27. Types of Boundary Disputes
1. Locational: over border
2. Functional/operational: over policies (immigration)
Resource /Allocational
Over oil or natural gas
4.Territorial
- irredentism

28. Definitional Boundary Disputes
legal language in dispute

29. Locational Boundary Disputes
interpretation in dispute

30. Operational Boundary Disputes
functions of boundary in dispute

31. Allocational Boundary Disputes
dispute over resources

32. Exclave and Enclave
Small outliers of territory which are separated from the rest of the territory by another state
The separated territory is referred to as an exclave of the country it is associated with
If the piece of territory lies within another country, it is known as an enclave of the surrounding country

33. Naxcivan is an exclave of Azerbaijan

34. This is an enclave of Azerbaijan and an exclave of Armenia