1. Toothed whale vocal muscles
Blowhole
Vertex
Intermedius
Right and Left
Vocal Muscles
Anterior externus
Rostral muscle
Posterior externus
Anterior externus
Posterior internus
Anterior internus
Mead (1975)

2. Aroyan (1990)

3. Harbor porpoise (Pp) Left Nasal Musculature (LNM)
Fiber-type profiles
Basic
100 μm
Harbor porpoise (Pp) Left Nasal Musculature (LNM)

4. Bottlenose Dolphin (Tt) Right Nasal Musculature (RNM)
Fiber-type profiles
Acidic
100 μm
Bottlenose Dolphin (Tt) Right Nasal Musculature (RNM)

5. Myosin Expression Mouse Pp Tt Pp Tt Mouse DIA LNM LNM PPS RNM DIA
Fast A
Fast X
Fast B
Slow
Mouse Pp Tt Pp Tt Mouse
DIA LNM LNM PPS RNM DIA

6. Myosin Expression Mouse Pp Tt Pp Tt Mouse DIA LNM LNM PPS RNM DIA
Fast A
Fast X
Fast B
Slow
Mouse Pp Tt Pp Tt Mouse
DIA LNM LNM PPS RNM DIA

7. Why study vocal muscles?
Compare the muscles of different toothed whales
Try to understand the role of these muscles in their sound production
Part of a larger project
Estimate the energetic costs of producing sounds

8. Measuring dolphin metabolic rates

9. Dolphin vocalizations
Whistles
Squawks
Noren et al. (2013)

10. Dolphin vocalizations
Whistles
Longer
Noren et al. (2013)

11. Dolphin vocalizations
Whistles
Longer
Require a longer interval between vocalizations
Noren et al. (2013)

12. Dolphin vocalizations
Whistles
Longer
Require a longer interval between vocalizations
Produced at a higher sound pressure level
Noren et al. (2013)

13.  /- 7.7%
Noren et al. (2013)

14.  5.9 +/- 17.7%
Noren et al. (2013)

15. Cost of vocalizations
1.2 x Resting Metabolic Rate (Noren et al., 2013)
But, what about other toothed whales?
Killer whales
Beaked whales
If morphology of vocal muscles is similar
Can use Noren et al.’s (2013) study to estimate costs

16. Why should we care?

19. Increased anthropogenic noise
Toothed and baleen whales will need to produce louder sounds
Will cost more energy to produce
Sounds are used in:

20. Energy budgets
Important for the proper management of toothed and baleen whales
Lead to better estimates of impacts of anthropogenic noise
Shipping
Oil exploration
Navy sonar

21. Conclusions Toothed and baleen whales produce sound Toothed whales
Both – social sounds
Toothed – echolocation
Toothed whales
Unique structures produce sound
Many muscles involved
Dearolf lab – studying fiber-type profiles and myosin expression
Ultimate goal - determine energetic costs of sound production
Necessary to understand impacts of anthropogenic noise

22. Myosin Expression in Dolphin and Porpoise Muscle
Acknowledgements
Megan Murphy
Graduated
Porpoise Muscle
Fiber-type profile
Sarah McHugh
Graduated
Dolphin Muscle
Fiber-type profile
Elizabeth Soo
Graduated
Myosin Expression in Dolphin and Porpoise Muscle

24. References
Aroyan JL. (1990) Numerical simulation of dolphin echolocation beam formation. M.S. thesis, University of California, Santa Cruz.
Aroyna JL. (2002) Simplified models of the dolphin echolocation system.
Huggenberger S, Rauschmann MA, Vogl TJ, Oelschläger. (2009) Functional morphology of the nasal complex in the harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena L.) Anatomical Record 292:
Kemper CM. (2002) Pygmy right whale Caperea marginata. In: Perrin WF, Würsig B, Thewissen JGM (eds.) Encyclopedia of marine mammals, 1st ed., Academic Press: San Diego, pp
Mead JG. (1975) Anatomy of the external nasal passages and facial complex in the Delphinidae (Mammalia: Cetacea. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 207: 1-35.
Noren DP, Holt MM, Dunkin RC, Williams TM. (2013) The metabolic cost of communicative sound production in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Journal of Experimental Biology 216:
Rojas-Bracho L, Jaramillo-Legorreta A. (2002) Vaquita Phocoena sinus. In: Perrin WF, Würsig B, Thewissen JGM (eds.) Encyclopedia of marine mammals, 1st ed., Academic Press: San Diego, pp
Sears R. (2002) Blue whale Balaenoptera musculus. In: Perrin WF, Würsig B, Thewissen JGM (eds.) Encyclopedia of marine mammals, 1st ed., Academic Press: San Diego, pp
Whitehead H. (2002) Sperm whale Physeter macrocephalus. In: Perrin WF, Würsig B, Thewissen JGM (eds.) Encyclopedia of marine mammals, 1st ed., Academic Press: San Diego, pp

29. Beluga whale – Delphinapterus leucas
Nakungayok – Naku
Beluga whale – Delphinapterus leucas
14 years old
In captivity for 10 years

30. North Pool
27 feet diam
9 feet deep
South Pool
27 feet diam
9 feet deep
Gate
Gate
Main Pool
70 feet x 40 feet
20 feet deep

31. Gate
Gate

32. Aurora
Kela

33. Gate
Gate
Bottlenose dolphins
Tursiops truncatus

34. Misty
Arrow
Nina

36. Fish available per session – 1.0 kg
Herring – Clupea sp.
Average weight – 0.1 kg
Fish available per session – 1.0 kg

37. Objects
Five fish
One fish