1. Robert Kiley, Wellcome Trust r.kiley@wellcome.ac.uk # @robertkiley
The OA landscape - one year from on from Finch: view from the Wellcome Trust
Robert Kiley, Wellcome Trust

2. I wanted to talk about Wellcome Library’s digitisation plans and out beautiful Player…..
…but OA continues to be the more important concern for librarians…

3. Agenda Policy developments Wellcome Trust Changing landscape
APC’s: risks of the model?
Conclusion

4. Policy developments – UK
RCUK
Updated guidance – April 2013
Support for gold and green (preference for gold)
£17m in Year 1 to support OA
HEFCE
“we intend to introduce a requirement that all outputs submitted to the post-2014 Research Excellence Framework (REF) exercise are published on an open-access basis”
Institutions can use the funds provided through our research grant to contribute towards the costs of more accessible forms of publication

5. OA in Europe
Commission will make open access to scientific publications a general principle of Horizon 2020
As of 2014, all articles produced with funding from Horizon 2020 will have to be accessible:
immediately by the publisher ('Gold' open access) - up-front publication costs can be eligible for reimbursement by the European Commission; or
available through an open access repository no later than six months (12 months for articles in the fields of social sciences and humanities) after publication ('Green' open access).
The goal is for 60% of European publicly-funded research articles to be available under open access by 2016

6. Science Europe SE position paper – supports principle of OA
Share the view that “publication and dissemination of results are an integral part of the research process. The allocation of resources within the research system must take this into account”
…but
stresses that the “hybrid model, as currently defined and implemented by publishers, is not a working and viable pathway to Open Access”

7. OA in the US FASTR OSTP CHORUS Max 6 month embargo
Mandate – all federally funded research must be OA…within 12 months
Each agency plan shall ensure that the public can “read, download, and analyze in digital form final peer reviewed manuscripts or final published documents”
CHORUS
Response from AAP

8. OA in the rest of the world
Global Research Council
In order to increase their RoI, research councils encourage open access to all results from publicly funded research which originated from their funding
Develop an integrated funding stream for hybrid open access
G8 Science Ministers
We endorse the principle that increasing access to the peer-reviewed, published results of publicly funded published research will accelerate research, drive innovation, and benefit the economy

9. Part 2 –Wellcome update – monograph policy
Development of OA policy for monographs and book chapters
Effective 2013/14
Will provide funding for “monograph processing charges”
Working with publishers and researchers
Content will be exposed through Europe PMC

10. Wellcome - compliance data
Still room for significant improvement

11. Sanctions Sanctions for non-compliance:
withholding final payment on grants, pending assurance papers listed on final reports are compliant
requiring previous Trust-funded papers to be compliant before any funding renewals or new grants awards are activated
discounting non-compliant Trust-funded papers as part of a researcher’s track record
Too early to assess efficacy of these measures

12. The CC-BY requirement
OA policy now specifies that research articles, for which an OA fee is paid, must be licenced using CC-BY
Trust believes that full research and economic benefit of published content will only be realised when there are no restrictions on access to, and reuse of, this information
Requirement introduced from April 2013
RCUK have identical policy
All major publishers now offer CC-BY

13. Funding open access
We view the cost of dissemination as an integral cost of funding research
We provide dedicated funds for institutions to meet open access costs:
OA block grants to 32 top-funded universities
fund other institutions via grant supplements
Our open access spend was almost £4.5m in 2011/12

14. Cost of OA publications (1)
Data published by University of Edinburgh1 shows that over the last 4 years, average APC (for Wellcome Trust funded research papers) is £1741
1. Gold Open Access: Counting the Costs. Ariadne,

15. Cost of OA publications (2)
Analysis of OA spend (for Trust-funded research) from 30 UK universities shows that in :
1770 papers published under APC model, at a cost of £3,181,278
Average APC = £1797
If 100% of Trust funded research incurred via an APC, total annual spend would be £9m
Equates to 1.3% of Trust’s annual research spend
Annual research spend in was £700m
£9m / £700m = 1.3%
If our spend had been, say, £600m, then OA costs equal 1.5% of our research spend

16. Enabling open access: Europe PMC
Supported by 20 partner funders
Provides access to 2.6m full text articles, plus 28 m abstracts
A platform for development of value added services
Integration with ORCID identifiers
Working with RJ and Research Fish

17. Open access innovation: eLife
New open access journal dedicated to enhancing communication of the very best science
Collaboration between researchers and three funders: the Wellcome Trust, Howard Hughes Medical Institute & the Max Planck Society
will drive innovation in:
supporting fair, rapid and constructive review
maximising potential of on-line publishing for communicating cutting-edge science

18. Changing landscape: OA publishing
PLoS One – biggest journal on the planet
Published 23,500 articles in 2012
Rise of the clones
The American Society for Microbiology’s mBio
BMJ Open
Company of Biologists Biology Open
Nature’s Scientific Reports
Cell Press’s Cell Reports
The Royal Society’s Open Biology
SAGE Open
New, radical start-ups like PeerJ, F1000Research…and eLife

19. Articles published under gold APC increased from 800 articles in 2000
to 136,000 articles in 2011
Anatomy of open access publishing: a study of longitudinal development and internal structure Mikael Laakso* and Bo-Christer Björk

20. Growth in OA publishing: three OA publishers
Research by McCabe and Snyder in 2013 shows that “moving from paid to open access increases cites by 8% on average”

21. …and the rise of new services
Intermediaries
Other than funding, one of biggest problem researchers face when opting for OA is paying the APC
Providers now stepping in to plug this gap – evidence that OA is maturing
Sherpa FACT
Seeks to provide guidance, at the journal level, on how to comply with WT/RCUK policies

22. “Gold” is NOT a UK-only phenomenon
22% of all articles published in PLoS One are NIH funded
NIH also fund hybrid articles
48% of articles routed through ACS “Author Choice” option NIH funded
In 2012 majority of published authors in PLOS were (in order of uptake) from US, China, Germany and UK

23. How will the gold OA market develop?
We would like the emerging gold open access market to deliver:
high quality and cost-service services
emergence of innovative new players
At present, there are concerns that:
APCs may ultimately rise in an unchecked manner
‘big deal’ type arrangements may enable big publishers to corner the market
costs are largely ‘hidden’ from researchers
What policies and processes do funders and institutions use to ensure gold OA market delivers?
Trust, in partnership with RCUK, RLUK, Jisc and others, commissioning study into the gold market

24. “Green first” approach…a tad baffling
Number of UK universities are adopting a “green first” (e.g. Oxford, UCL, Sussex)
Green, however, ultimately relies on the subscription model…
…and wasn’t the point of OA that we want access now…with licences that facilitate re-use?

25. Take-home summary
Trust still believes that dissemination costs are research costs
Cost of 100% OA is probably around 1.5% research spend
The move to OA continues to gain momentum
Policies, publishing venues, intermediaries etc.
“Gold” OA is not just a UK phenomenon
Funders need to ensure that APC model remains fair and transparent