1. Motivation
Module 11

2. September 11, 2001 Four passenger planes hijacked by terrorists.
Deliberately flew 3 of aircraft into US buildings.
Killed 2,998 people.
What were their motives?

3. Motivation Why do we do what we do? From Latin word movere – move
A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior toward a goal
Biological, cognitive, clinical explanations
Why do we do what we do?

4. Historic Explanations: Instinct(s)
A complex, inherited, unlearned behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species
William James listed 37 instincts.
Includes mental ones:
Jealously, curiosity, and cleanliness
Original psychological explanation of motivation.
Problems:
Difficulty using instincts to both label and explain behaviors
Theorists came up with more than 10,000 + instincts.

5. Historic Explanations: Drives
States of tension that result from internal imbalance.
Prompt an organism to restore the balance, typically reducing the drive
Ex: skipping breakfast
Come 10:00am you are starving
Creates a physiological need for food, leads to hunger, a psychological drive.

6. Drive-Reduction Theory
The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
Eating and drinking are examples of drive-reducing behaviors.

7. Drive-Reduction Theory

8. Drive-Reduction Theory

9. Drive-Reduction Theory: Get this one!

10. Biological Explanations: Arousal Theories What is the basic idea in arousal theories of motivation? Is homeostasis the same as drive reduction?
Module 11: Motivation

11. Biological Explanations: Arousal Theories
Levels of alertness and responsiveness
Let’s look at 3 friends the night before the SAT:
A: “You know, I don’t really care about the test. I’m going to a trade school, and I’m only taking the test b/c my parents want me to. Can I have some of your fries?”
B: “I want to do well, but if I screw up on this test, it’s not going to permanently ruin my life. I’ll give it my best shot. Where’s the ketchup?”
C: “It’s all on the line tomorrow. If I don’t get a good score, it will change my life forever. I’m so nervous, I can’t eat.”
Which one are you? Who will do better on the test?

12. Yerkes-Dodson Law
The theory that a degree of psychological arousal helps performance, but only up to a certain point
Optimum level of arousal depends on the difficulty of the task.
Each person has an optimum level of stimulation they like to maintain.
Which friend would perform best according to this law?
Friend B

13. Yerkes-Dodson Law
Basically arousal will increase performance up to a point.
Further arousal impairs performance.
Optimal arousal changes with difficulty of a task.
Simple task – higher arousal higher performance.
Difficult task – lower arousal works best
How does this relate to stress?

14. Biological Explanations: Homeostasis
A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state
Ex: Movie “Bio-dome”.
The regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
Any change in levels, up or down, results in being motivated to bring the level back to normal.
What is your homeostasis with body temp?

15. Homeostatic Regulation

16. Homeostatic Regulation

17. Homeostatic Regulation

18. Homeostatic Regulation

19. Homeostatic Regulation

20. Homeostatic Regulation

21. Homeostatic Regulation

22. Homeostatic Regulation

23. Homeostatic Regulation: Get this one in your notes please!

24. Cognitive Explanations: Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation Why is intrinsic motivation more beneficial than extrinsic movtivation?
Module 11: Motivation

25. Extrinsic & Intrinsic Motivation Motivation
A desire to perform a behavior because of promised rewards or threats of punishment
Examples:
Home, work, school
Do you study b/c you want an “A” or because you want to learn the material?
A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective
Do you participate in class for bonus cards or b/c you just want to?

26. Which is better?
Intrinsic motivation often results in higher achievement.
Behavior maintained by extrinsic motivation alone may not be effectively sustained once the rewards are removed.
Evidence says removal of an extrinsic motivator may result in behavior levels even lower than before the rewards were given.
Do you have any experiences that support these statements?
Is everything about rewards and punishment?
Do we have free will????

27. Clinical Explanations: Hierarchy of Needs
Abraham Maslow ( )
Humanistic psychologist who developed the hierarchy of needs

28. Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow’s pyramid of human needs begins at the base with physiological needs, and then proceeds through safety needs to psychological needs.
Higher-level needs won’t become active until lower-level needs have been satisfied.
Self-Actualization:
According to Maslow, the need to live up to one’s fullest and unique potential

29. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

30. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

31. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

32. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

33. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: Draw the basics here!

34. Clinical Explanations: Achievement
Henry Murray ( )
Neo-Freudian who first established the concept of achievement motivation
Includes a desire for:
Significant accomplishment
The mastery of things, people, or ideas
Attaining a high standard

35. Clinical Explanations: Motivating Ourselves Motivating Others
Cultivate intrinsic motivation
Attend to individual motives
Set specific, challenging goals
Choose an appropriate leadership style
Task leadership
Social leadership
Developing Self Motivation:
Associate your high achievement with positive emotions
Connect your achievement with your efforts
Raise your expectations

36. Motivating Others (cont.) Task and Social Leadership Leadership
Goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention
Group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support

37. Theories on Motivation: summary
Biological:
Arousal: Yerkes-Dodson
Homeostasis
Cognitive:
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation
Chemical:
Maslow’s Hierarchy
Achievement
Motivating ourselves and others

38. A Closer Look the Physiology of Hunger
Glucose:
Form of sugar which circulates through the body
One feels hunger when the levels become low.
Insulin
Hormone which allows the body to use glucose for energy or fat production
Insulin levels up glucose levels down.
Leptin
Protein produced by bloated fat cells
Send a message to “stop eating”
Orexin
Hunger-triggering hormone
Produced by the hypothalamus
As glucose levels drop, orexin levels increase and person feels hungry

39. Hypothalamus: set point theory
Weight thermostat.
Maintains a set point.
Damage to this can lead to severe weight gain or loss.
1.) We have a Basal Metabolic Rate (resting rate at which we burn calories for energy).
2.) We have a specific number of fat cells (which can expand in size and increase in #).
3.) We have hormones that work together to keep our weight where it is designed to be.

40. Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
The body’s resting rate of energy expenditure
Set Point
The point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set.
When the body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lower basal metabolic rate (BMR) may act to restore the lost weight.

41. Set Point: Might be a good idea to get this!

42. Environment and Hunger:
External Incentives
Include the sight, sound, and smell of food
Cultural Influences on Eating
Cultural views on obesity can vary
Culture influences the foods we like and dislike.

43. Eating Disorders: Why do people develop eating disorders?
Module 11: Motivation

44. Anorexia Nervosa
An eating disorder in which normal weight people suffer delusions of being overweight
Usually in adolescent females
May put themselves on self-starvation regimens
May become dangerously underweight

45. Bulimia Nervosa
An eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating
Usually overeat high calorie foods
Overeating is followed by vomiting, using laxatives, fasting, or excessive exercise